Editing History of Egypt (section)

== Late Medieval Egypt ==
{{Main|Fatimid Caliphate|Ayyubid dynasty|Mamluk Sultanate}}[[File:Al-Azhar (inside) 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Al-Azhar Mosque]], of medieval Fatimid [[Cairo]].|227x227px]]Muslim rulers nominated by the [[Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] remained in [[History of Arab Egypt|control of Egypt]] for the next six centuries, with [[Cairo]] as the seat of the Caliphate under the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]].{{dubious|date=May 2024}} With the end of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Ayyubid dynasty]], the [[Mamluk]]s, a [[Turkic people|Turco]]-[[Circassians|Circassian]] military caste, took control about AD 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies.<ref name="Abu-Lughod">{{cite book|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|author-link=Janet Abu-Lughod|title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|orig-date=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243 243–244]|isbn=978-0-19-506774-3|chapter=The Mideast Heartland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243}}</ref> The Greek and Coptic languages and cultures went into a steep decline in favor of Arabic culture (though Coptic managed to last as a spoken language until the 17th century and remains a liturgical language today).

The Mamluks continued to govern the country until the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest of Egypt]] by the [[Ottoman Turks]] in 1517, after which it became a province of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The mid-14th-century [[Black Death in Egypt|Black Death]] killed about 40% of the population of Egypt.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm Egypt – Major Cities], ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>

{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180|File:Fatimid Caliphate.PNG|Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate
|File:Ayyubid_Sultanate_1193_AD.jpg|Ayyubid [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultanate of Egypt]] (in pink) at the death of [[Saladin]] in 1193
|File:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1317 AD.jpg|Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan [[an-Nasir Muhammad]]
}}