Editing Hillfort (section)

==Hillforts elsewhere in the world==
Similar structures can be found elsewhere in the world, such as the [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]].

===Philippines===
{{Main|Ijang}}

In the [[Philippines]], the [[Ivatan people]] of the [[Batanes Islands]] built ''[[ijang]]''—fortified villages on top of natural hills and raised landforms near the coastlines. These were terraced into defensive ramparts with limited access points. Artifacts recovered from an ijang on the town of Savidug in [[Sabtang]] has been dated to around 1200 CE.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Bellwood|first1=Peter|title=The Batanes Islands, Their First Observers, and Previous Archaeology|date=2013|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgz91.6|work=4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange|volume=40|pages=1–8|editor-last=Bellwood|editor-first=Peter|series=The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-925021-27-1|access-date=2021-01-25|last2=Dizon|first2=Eusebio|jstor=j.ctt5hgz91.6|editor2-last=Dizon|editor2-first=Eusebio}}</ref> These high rocky formations served as a refuge against attacking enemies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Dizon|first1=Eusebio Z.|last2=Santiago|first2=Rey A.|date=1996|title=Archaeological Explorations in Batanes Province|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634196|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=44|issue=4|pages=479–499|jstor=42634196|issn=0031-7837}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dizon|first=Eusebio|date=1997|title=Archaeology of Batanes Province, Northern Philippines: The 1996-1997 Status Report.|url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11730/10359|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Ijang were first described by the English freebooter Captain [[William Dampier]] when he visited the island of [[Ivuhos]] in 1687. During the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial era]], ijang were abandoned during the ''[[Reductions|Reducciones]]'' as the Ivatan population were moved into centralized towns in the lowlands.<ref name="Howard T. Fry 1985, pp.3-21">{{Cite journal |last=Fry |first=Howard T. |date=1985 |title=The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1266/3922 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |jstor=42632762}}, p.18.</ref>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Pā}}
[[File:Model Of Maori Pa On Headland.jpg|thumb|right|Model of a [[Māori people|Māori]] [[pā]] on a [[headland]], showing the stepped nature and the wood [[palisade]]s]]
Among the [[Māori people]], villages called [[pā]] were often built on raised ground, like volcanic hills, headlands, and small islands (including [[artificial island]]s). The slopes were terraced into defensive ramparts that were usually further protected by [[palisade]]s. Traditional pā took a variety of designs, ranging from a simple terraced hill, to complex fortified structures that include multiple rows of palisades and underground defensive and ambush points. Māori pā differed from European hillforts in that they also prominently incorporate food [[storage pit (archaeology)|storage pits]] and often, water sources.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = King | first1 = Michael | author-link1 = Michael King (historian) | year = 2003 | chapter = First Colonisation | title = The Penguin History of New Zealand | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9_GcDwAAQBAJ | edition = reprint | publisher = Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited | publication-date = 2003 | isbn = 9781742288260 | access-date = 18 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name="FureyMatakawau">{{cite Q|Q104815050}}</ref> They survived until the colonial era and later types of pā were designed specifically for fighting with guns.<ref name="Cowan74">{{cite web |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c9.html |title=The Capture of Rua-pekapeka |last1=Cowan |first1=James |year=1955 |page=74 |work=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64) |publisher=R.E. Owen, Wellington |access-date=11 November 2010}}</ref>