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=== Indo-european origin=== In the [[Vedic period|Vedic]] tradition the earth-goddess [[Prithvi]] is the consort of the sky-god [[Dyaus]] and she is associated with the cow. Prithvi may be identified with the Greek goddess [[Gaia]].<ref name=Leaming/> [[Pherecydes of Syros]] in his cosmogony describes the mating of two divine principles: The marriage of [[Zeus|Zas]] with [[Chthonic|Chthonie]]. [[Geoffrey Kirk]] notices that after the marriage "Cthonie" becomes [[Gaia|Ge]] who probably takes charge of the protection of marriage. Hera is occasionally identified with "Ge".<ref name=Kirk/> In a fragment of [[Euripides]] the [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] of Zeus is the sky-god who is the father of men and gods, and the earth-goddess [[Gaia|Ge]] is the mother of all life.<ref>Euripides,Chryssipos fr.839:Nilsson,"Geschichte" Vol I p.460</ref> It seems that [[Io (mythology)|Io]] the priestess of Hera at Argos and consort of Zeus, was another form of Hera. In a Greek myth "Io" is transformed into a cow .<ref name=Farnell182>Farnell, Cults I, p.182</ref> This seems to be correlated to how Homer in [[Iliad]] uses the formula "boōpis [[potnia]] Hērē)" (cow-eyed, mistress Hera), suggesting that they may have been syncretized.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Obrien4" />
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