Editing Head injury (section)

== Diagnosis ==
{{see also|Head injury criterion}}
There are a few methods used to diagnose a head injury. A healthcare professional will ask the patient questions revolving around the injury as well as questions to help determine in what ways the injury is affecting function. In addition to this hearing, vision, balance, and reflexes may also be assessed as an indicator of the severity of the injury.<ref name="alz.org"/> A non-contrast CT of the head should be performed immediately in all those who have sustained a moderate or severe head injury. A CT is an imaging technique that allows physicians to see inside the head without surgery in order to determine if there is internal bleeding or swelling in the brain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/|title=NICE|website=NICE|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref>  Computed tomography (CT) has become the diagnostic modality of choice for head trauma due to its accuracy, reliability, safety, and wide availability. The changes in microcirculation, impaired auto-regulation, cerebral edema, and axonal injury start as soon as a head injury occurs and manifest as clinical, biochemical, and radiological changes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cross-sectional imaging made easy|last=Hariqbal|first=Singh | name-list-style = vanc |date=2011|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub|isbn=9789350251959|location=New Delhi|oclc=913381359}}</ref> An MRI may also be conducted to determine if someone has abnormal growths or tumors in the brain or to determine if the patient has had a stroke.<ref>{{cite book | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_286-2 | chapter=Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | title=Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology | date=2017 | last1=Backhaus | first1=Samantha | pages=1–8 | isbn=978-3-319-56782-2 | s2cid=79447011 }}</ref>

[[Glasgow Coma Scale]] (GCS) is the most widely used scoring system used to assess the level of severity of a brain injury. This method is based on objective observations of specific traits to determine the severity of a brain injury. It is based on three traits: eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are gauged as described below. 

Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale severity is classified as follows:
* severe brain injuries score 3–8,
* moderate brain injuries score 9-12, and
* mild brain injuries score 13–15.

There are several imaging techniques that can aid in diagnosing and assessing the extent of brain damage,  including:
* [[computed tomography]] (CT) scan
* [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI)
* [[diffusion tensor imaging]] (DTI) and [[magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] (MRS)
* [[positron emission tomography]] (PET)
* single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) 
CT scans and MRI are the two techniques widely used and are the most effective. CT scans can show brain bleeds, fractures of the skull, fluid build up in the brain that will lead to increased cranial pressure. MRI is able to better detect smaller injuries, detect damage within the brain, diffuse axonal injury, injuries to the brainstem, posterior fossa, and subtemporal and sub frontal regions. However, patients with pacemakers, metallic implants, or other metal within their bodies are unable to have an MRI done. Typically the other imaging techniques are not used in a clinical setting because of the cost, lack of availability.