Editing Giordano Bruno (section)

==Cultural legacy==

[[File:Fidus - Giordano Bruno, Aquarell 1900.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Bruno by German [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] artist [[Fidus]] (1900), mixed media on paper, 60 x 50 cm, The [[Jack Daulton]] Collection<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.symbolismus.com/fidusgiordanobruno1900.html|title=Web Site Name|website=www.symbolismus.com}}</ref>]]

===In art===

Following the 1870 [[Capture of Rome]] by the newly created [[Kingdom of Italy]] and the end of the Church's [[Temporal power (Papal)|temporal power]] over the city, the erection of a [[Statue of Giordano Bruno|monument to Bruno]] on the site of his execution became feasible. The monument was sharply opposed by the clerical party, but was finally erected by the Rome Municipality and inaugurated in 1889.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080929/findlen|title=A hungry mind: Giordano Bruno, philosopher and heretic|last=Findlen|first=Paula|publisher=[[The Nation]]|date=10 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204092400/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080929/findlen|archive-date=4 December 2008|quote="Campo de' Fiori was festooned with flags bearing Masonic symbols. Fiery speeches were made by politicians, scholars and atheists about the importance of commemorating Bruno as one of the most original and oppressed freethinkers of his age."|access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>

A statue of a stretched human figure standing on its head, designed by [[Alexander Polzin]] and depicting Bruno's death at the stake, was placed in [[Potsdamer Platz]] station in [[Berlin]] on 2 March 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Think About It |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Yudhiijit|date= 13 March 2008 |journal =Science |volume=319|issue=5869 |page=1467 |doi=10.1126/science.319.5869.1467b|s2cid=220094639 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bruno-denkmal.de/index.html|title=giordano bruno denkmal|first=Michael|last=Schmidt-Salomon|date=26 February 2008}}</ref>

Retrospective iconography of Bruno shows him with a Dominican [[cowl]] but not [[tonsure]]d. Edward Gosselin has suggested that it is likely Bruno kept his tonsure at least until 1579, and it is possible that he wore it again thereafter.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosselin|first=Edward A.|year=1996|title=A Dominican Head in Layman's Garb? A Correction to the Scientific Iconography of Giordano Bruno|jstor=2544011|journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal|volume=27|issue=3|pages=673–678|doi=10.2307/2544011}}</ref>

An idealized animated version of Bruno appears in the first episode of the 2014 television series ''[[Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey]]''. In this depiction, Bruno is shown with a more modern look, without tonsure and wearing clerical robes and without his hood. ''Cosmos'' presents Bruno as an impoverished philosopher who was ultimately executed due to his refusal to recant his belief in other worlds, a portrayal that was criticized by some as simplistic or historically inaccurate.<ref name="Powell-2014">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/10/cosmos-pick-wrong-hero/ |title=Did ''Cosmos'' Pick the Wrong Hero? |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]] |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014 |last=Powell |first=Corey S. |archive-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316084525/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2014/03/10/cosmos-pick-wrong-hero/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenau|first=Josh|title=Why Did Cosmos Focus on Giordano Bruno?|url=http://ncse.com/blog/2014/03/why-did-cosmos-focus-giordano-bruno-0015457|publisher=National Center for Science Education|access-date=14 April 2014|date=18 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sessions|first=David|title=How 'Cosmos' Bungles the History of Religion and Science|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/23/how-cosmos-bungles-the-history-of-religion-and-science.html|access-date=8 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Corey S. Powell, of ''Discover'' magazine, says of Bruno, "A major reason he moved around so much is that he was argumentative, sarcastic, and drawn to controversy&nbsp;... He was a brilliant, complicated, difficult man.<ref name="Powell-2014"/>

===In poetry===
Poems that refer to Bruno include:
* "The Monument of Giordano Bruno" (1889) by [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], written when the statue of Bruno was constructed in Rome.<ref>
{{cite web
 |last=Swinburne
 |first=Algernon Charles
 |author-link=Algernon Charles Swinburne
 |title=The Monument of Giordano Bruno
 |url=http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/14126/
 |access-date=13 July 2015
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423155542/http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/14126/
 |archive-date=23 April 2015
}}
</ref>
* "Campo Dei Fiori" (1943) by [[Czesław Miłosz]], which draws parallels between indifference to the fate of Bruno and indifference to the victims of the then-ongoing [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Occupation of Poland]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |last=Milosz
 |first=Czeslaw
 |author-link=Czeslaw Milosz
 |title=Campo Dei Fiori
 |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/49751
 |access-date=7 February 2017
}}
</ref>
* "The Emancipators" (1958) by [[Randall Jarrell]], which addresses Bruno, along with Galileo and Newton, as an originator of the modern scientific-industrial world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mordecai|last2=Marcus|first2=Erin|date=1958-02-01|title=26. Jarrell's the Emancipators|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00144940.1958.11481973|journal=The Explicator|volume=16|issue=5|pages=65–67|doi=10.1080/00144940.1958.11481973|issn=0014-4940}}</ref>
* "What He Thought" (1994) by [[Heather McHugh]], a (possibly autobiographical) poem about a group of American poets who visit Italy and are lectured about Bruno and the nature of poetry by a local arts administrator. The poem was published in the collection ''Hinge & Sign'', a nominee for the [[National Book Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voltagepoetry.com/2013/02/21/tom-hunleys-epiphanic-structure-in-heather-mchughs-ars-poetica-what-he-thought/|title=Tom Hunley's "Epiphanic Structure in Heather McHugh's Ars Poetica, 'What He Thought'" |work=Voltage Poetry|date=21 February 2013 }}</ref>

===In fiction===
Bruno and his theory of "the coincidence of contraries" (''coincidentia oppositorum'') play an important role in [[James Joyce]]'s 1939 novel ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''. Joyce wrote in a letter to his patroness, [[Harriet Shaw Weaver]], "His philosophy is a kind of dualism – every power in nature must evolve an opposite in order to realise itself and opposition brings reunion".<ref>James Joyce, Letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver, 27 January 1925, ''Selected Letters'', p. 307</ref> Amongst his numerous allusions to Bruno in his novel, including his trial and torture, Joyce plays upon Bruno's notion of ''coincidentia oppositorum'' through applying his name to word puns such as "Browne and Nolan" (the name of Dublin printers) and '"brownesberrow in nolandsland".<ref>McHugh, Roland. Annotations to Finnegans Wake. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. Print, xv.</ref>

In 1973 the biographical drama ''[[Giordano Bruno (film)|Giordano Bruno]]'' was released, an Italian/French movie directed by [[Giuliano Montaldo]], starring [[Gian Maria Volonté]] as Bruno.<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter E.|last=Bondanella| author-link = Peter E. Bondanella | title=A history of Italian cinema|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2009}}</ref>

Bruno is a major character in the four-novel [[Aegypt]] sequence (1987–2007) by [[John Crowley (author)|John Crowley]]. Historical episodes from Bruno's life are fictionalized in the novels, and his philosophical ideas are key to the novels’ themes.<ref name="Publishers Weekly 1987">{{cite journal |title=Aegypt by John Crowley |journal=Publishers Weekly |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780553051940 |date=1987-03-01<!--Under details--> |access-date=2024-07-04}}</ref>

''The Last Confession'' (2000) by [[Morris West]] is an unfinished, posthumously published fictional autobiography of Bruno, ostensibly written shortly before Bruno's execution.<ref>Margaret Jones, "Vale a reluctant heretic", critique of ''The Last Confession'', ''Sydney Morning Herald'', Spectrum, 5 August 2000.</ref>

In the 2008 novel [[Children of God (novel)|''Children of God'']] by [[Mary Doria Russell]],  several characters travel on an interstellar spaceship named ''Giordano Bruno''.<ref name="Powell's Books 2022">{{cite web |title=Children of God by Mary Doria Russell |website=Powell's Books |date=2022-09-13 |url=https://www.powells.com/book/children-of-god-9780449004838 |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>

Bruno features as the hero of the ''Giordano Bruno'' series (2010–2023) of historical crime novels by S. J. Parris (a pseudonym of [[Stephanie Merritt]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Connell |first1=John |title=Heresy by SJ Parris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/mar/13/heresy-sj-parris |work=The Guardian |date=13 March 2010}}</ref>

===In music===

[[Hans Werner Henze]] set his large scale cantata for orchestra, choir and four soloists, ''Novae de infinito laudes'' to Italian texts by Bruno, recorded in 1972 at the Salzburg Festival reissued on CD Orfeo C609 031B.<ref>{{cite web | last = Kohn | first = Rachael | title = Theosophy Today | work = The Spirit of Things (Transcript) "Erica Patient: She came into contact with theosophy through 2GB, Station 2GB when it was owned by the Theosophical Society. Rachael Kohn: GB stands for Giordano Bruno. Erica Patient: It does. Actually we wanted to have AB for Annie Besant, but it sounded too like ABC. So they said they wouldn't have it." | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 15 November 2006 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/spiritofthings/theosophy-today/3364732#transcript | access-date = 12 January 2009}}</ref>

The Italian composer [[Francesco Filidei]] wrote an opera, based on a libretto by Stefano Busellato, titled ''Giordano Bruno''. The premiere took place on 12 September 2015 at the [[Casa da Música]] in Porto, Portugal.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160601184749/https://operagiordanobruno.com/calendrier/ Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Calendrier], accessed Dec. 20, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160601184217/https://operagiordanobruno.com/musique/ Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Musique], accessed Dec. 20, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160601183940/https://operagiordanobruno.com/livret/ Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Livret], accessed Dec. 20, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/10239 "A Selected Analytical Bibliography of Works for Saxophone by Composers Associated with the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music: 1946-2021"], Christopher Mark DeLouis, DMA thesis, West Virginia University, 2021, {{doi|10.33915/etd.10239}}, pp. 105-106.</ref>

The 2016 song "Roman Sky" by heavy metal band [[Avenged Sevenfold]] focuses on the death of Bruno.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nash|first1=Lisa|title=Avenged Sevenfold – The Stage (Album Review)|url=http://crypticrock.com/avenged-sevenfold-the-stage-album-review/|access-date=23 December 2016|work=Cryptic Rock|date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

Bruno is the central character in [[Roger Doyle]]’s ''Heresy – an electronic opera'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maxwell |first1=Luke |title=The Curious Works of Roger Doyle, Reviewed |url=https://dublininquirer.com/2019/10/30/the-curious-works-of-roger-doyle-reviewed/ |website=Dublin InQuirer |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref>

=== In television ===
[[Chumlee]] tracking down a first edition copy of a book by Bruno in Rome is a part of a [[List of Pawn Stars episodes|season 17 episode]] of the American TV series [[Pawn Stars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skopp |first=Sam |date=2021-03-12 |title=The Rare Italian Book That Fetched Six Figures On Pawn Stars |url=https://www.looper.com/354540/the-rare-italian-book-that-fetched-six-figures-on-pawn-stars/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Looper |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ''Doctor Who'' serial [[The Ribos Operation]] (1978) features a character named "Binro the Heretic", who was ostracized by his people for claiming the stars were not ice crystals, but other suns. The BBC has explicitly drawn a connection between the two.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guerrier |first=Simon |title=The Scientific Secrets of Doctor Who |date=2015 |publisher=Ebury Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781849909389 |location=London |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref>