Editing Gini coefficient (section)

=== Opportunity ===
Similar in concept to the Gini income coefficient, the Gini opportunity coefficient measures inequality in opportunities.<ref name=roemer06>{{cite report|title=Economic development as opportunity equalization|first=John E.|last=Roemer|date=September 2006|publisher=Yale University|ssrn=931479|citeseerx=10.1.1.403.4725}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Generalized Gini Indices of Equality of Opportunity|last=Weymark|first=John|journal=Journal of Economic Inequality|volume=1|year=2003|pages=5–24|doi=10.1023/A:1023923807503|issue=1|s2cid=133596675}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Measurement of Inequality in Human Development – A Review|last=Kovacevic|first=Milorad|publisher=United Nations Development Program|date=November 2010|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/papers/HDRP_2010_35.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923141455/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2010/papers/HDRP_2010_35.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> The concept builds on [[Amartya Sen]]'s suggestion<ref>{{cite journal|title=The contributions of Amartya Sen to Welfare Economics|first=Anthony B.|last=Atkinson|journal=The Scandinavian Journal of Economics|volume=101|issue=2|pages=173–190|year=1999|url=http://ias7.berkeley.edu:80/academics/courses/center/fall2007/sehnbruch/atkinson%201998%20contributions%20of%20sen%20to%20welf%20economics.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513233332/http://ias7.berkeley.edu:80/academics/courses/center/fall2007/sehnbruch/atkinson%201998%20contributions%20of%20sen%20to%20welf%20economics.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-13|doi=10.1111/1467-9442.00151|jstor=3440691}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> that inequality coefficients of social development should be premised on the process of enlarging people's choices and enhancing their capabilities, rather than on the process of reducing income inequality. Kovacevic, in a review of the Gini opportunity coefficient, explained that the coefficient estimates how well a society enables its citizens to achieve success in life where the success is based on a person's choices, efforts and talents, not their background defined by a set of predetermined circumstances at birth, such as gender, race, place of birth, parent's income and circumstances beyond the control of that individual.

In 2003, Roemer<ref name=roemer06 /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roemer|first1=John E.|title=To what extent do fiscal regimes equalize opportunities for income acquisition among citizens?|journal=Journal of Public Economics|volume=87|issue=3–4|date=March 2003|pages=539–565|doi=10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00145-1|last2=Aaberge|first2=Rolf|last3=Colombino|first3=Ugo|last4=Fritzell|first4=Johan|last5=Jenkins|first5=Stephen P|last6=Lefranc|first6=Arnaud|last7=Marx|first7=Ive|last8=Page|first8=Marianne|last9=Pommer|first9=Evert|display-authors=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.414.6220}}</ref> reported Italy and Spain exhibited the largest opportunity inequality Gini index amongst advanced economies.