Editing Germanicus (section)

==Post-mortem==
[[File:Benjamin West 001.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|[[Benjamin West]], ''[[Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus]]'' (1768), oil on canvas.
 [[Yale University]] Art Gallery, [[New Haven]]<ref>{{harvnb|Facos|2011|p=29}}.</ref>]]
When Rome had received word of Germanicus' death, the people began observing a ''[[justitium|iustitium]]'' before the Senate had officially declared it. Tacitus says this shows the true grief that the people of Rome felt, and this also shows that by this time the people already knew the proper way to commemorate dead princes without an edict from a magistrate. At his funeral, there were no procession statues of Germanicus. There were abundant eulogies and reminders of his fine character and a particular eulogy was given by Tiberius himself in the Senate.<ref name="Lott19">{{harvnb|Lott|2012|p=19}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Levick|2012|p=105}}.</ref>

The historians Tacitus and [[Suetonius]] record the funeral and posthumous honors of Germanicus. His name was placed into the [[Carmen Saliare]], and onto the [[curule seat]]s that were placed with oaken garlands over them as honorary seats for the Augustan priesthood. His ivory statue was at the head of the procession during the Circus Games; his posts as priest of Augustus and [[Augur]] were to be filled by members of the imperial family; knights of Rome gave his name to a block of seats at a theatre in Rome, and rode behind his effigy on 15 July AD 20.<ref>{{harvnb|Lott|2012|p=241}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ando|Tuori|Plessis|2016|p=302}}.</ref>

After consulting with his family, Tiberius made his wishes known whereupon the Senate collected the honors into a commemorative decree, the ''Senatus Consultum de memoria honoranda Germanini Caesaris'', and ordered the consuls of AD 20 to issue a public law honoring the death of Germanicus, the ''Lex Valeria Aurelia''. Although Tacitus stressed the honors paid to him, the funeral and processions were carefully modeled after those of [[Gaius Caesar|Gaius]] and [[Lucius Caesar|Lucius]], [[Marcus Vispanius Agrippa|Agrippa's]] sons. This served to emphasize the continuation of the ''domus Augusta'' across the transition from Augustus to Tiberius. Commemorative arches were built in his honor and not just in Rome, but at the frontier on the Rhine and in Asia where he had governed in life. The arch of the Rhine was placed alongside that of his father, where the soldiers had built a funerary monument honoring him. Portraits of him and his natural father were placed in the [[Temple of Apollo Palatinus|Temple of Apollo]] on the [[Palatine]] in Rome.<ref name=Lott19/><ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|2013|p=55}}.</ref> Several cities in Asia Minor were named [[Germanicopolis (disambiguation)|Germanicopolis]] in honor of the general (among them [[Çankırı|Gangra]] and [[Kahramanmaraş|Germanicia]]).

On the day of Germanicus' death his sister Livilla gave birth to twins by Drusus. The oldest was named Germanicus and died young. In 37, Germanicus' only remaining son, Caligula, became emperor and renamed September ''Germanicus'' in honor of his father.<ref>{{harvnb|Barrett|1993|p=61}}.</ref> Many Romans, in the account of Tacitus, considered Germanicus to be their equivalent to Alexander the Great, and believed that he would have easily surpassed the achievements of Alexander had he become emperor.<ref name=Barrett20/> In book eight of his ''Natural History'', Pliny connects Germanicus, Augustus, and Alexander as fellow equestrians: when Alexander's horse [[Bucephalus]] died he named a city, [[Bucephalia]], in his honor. Less monumental, Augustus' horse received a funeral mound, which Germanicus wrote a poem about.<ref>{{harvnb|Heckel|Tritle|2009|p=261}}.</ref>

===Trial of Piso===
Piso was rumored to have been responsible for Germanicus' death. As accusations accumulated, it was not long before the well known accuser, [[Lucius Fulcinius Trio]], brought charges against him. The continued support of the Pisones and his own friendship with Piso made Tiberius hesitant to hear the case himself. After briefly hearing both sides, Tiberius referred the case to the Senate, making no effort to hide his deep anger toward Piso. Tiberius made allowances for Piso to summon witnesses of all social orders, including slaves, and he was given more time to plead than the prosecutors, but it made no difference: before the trial was over Piso died; ostensibly by suicide, but Tacitus supposes Tiberius may have had him murdered before he could implicate the emperor in Germanicus' death.<ref>{{harvnb|Shotter|2004|pp=41–44}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Levick|1999|p=123}}.</ref>

The accusations brought against Piso are numerous, including:<ref name="Rowe">{{harvnb|Rowe|2002|pp=9–17}}.</ref><ref group="note">Despite the exhaustive list only two statutes are mentioned: that of Piso violating the ''[[imperium]]'' of Germanicus, as Germanicus officially held greater authority despite both of them being of proconsular rank; and [[treason]], which violated the ''[[lex Iulia maiestatis]]'', for moving troops out of his province without authorization to wage war ({{harvnb|Rowe|2002|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Ando|Tuori|Plessis|2016|p=340}}).</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*Insubordination
*Corruption
*Abandoning and reentering a province
*[[Summary judgment|Summary justice]]
*Destroying military discipline
*Misusing the ''fiscus principis'' (emperor's money)
*Fomenting civil war
*Violating the divinity of ''[[Divus Augustus]]'' ([[sacrilege]]).
{{div col end}}

He was found guilty and punished posthumously for [[treason]]. The Senate had his property proscribed, forbade mourning on his account, removed images of his likeness, such as statues and portraits, and his name was erased from the base of one statue in particular as part of his ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''. Yet, in a show of clemency not unlike that of the emperor, the Senate had Piso's property returned and divided equally between his two sons, on condition that his daughter Calpurnia be given 1,000,000 [[sesterces]] as dowry and a further 4,000,000 as personal property. His wife Plancina was absolved.<ref name=Rowe/><ref>{{harvnb|Ando|Tuori|Plessis|2016|p=340}}.</ref>