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===Biedermeier and Vormärz=== [[Biedermeier]] refers to work in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 ([[Vienna Congress]]), the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and 1848, the year of the [[Revolutions of 1848|European revolutions]] and contrasts with the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] era which preceded it. Typical Biedermeier poets are [[Annette von Droste-Hülshoff]], [[Adelbert von Chamisso]], [[Eduard Mörike]], and [[Wilhelm Müller]], the last three named having well-known musical settings by [[Robert Schumann]], [[Hugo Wolf]] and [[Franz Schubert]] respectively. [[Young Germany]] (''Junges Deutschland'') was a loose group of [[Vormärz]] writers which existed from about 1830 to 1850. It was essentially a youth movement (similar to those that had swept [[France]] and [[Young Ireland|Ireland]] and originated in [[Young Italy (historical)|Italy]]). Its main proponents were [[Karl Gutzkow]], [[Heinrich Laube]], [[Theodor Mundt]] and [[Ludolf Wienbarg]]; [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Ludwig Börne]] and [[Georg Büchner]] were also considered part of the movement. The wider circle included [[Willibald Alexis]], [[Adolf Glassbrenner]] and [[Gustav Kühne]].
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