Editing George III (section)

==Legacy==
George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and [[William IV]] in turn, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]], the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward.

George III lived for 81 years and 239 days, and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors {{Update after|2030|7|11|text=and subsequent kings; only queens Victoria and [[Elizabeth II]] [[List of longest-living members of the British royal family|lived]]}} and [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|reigned longer]].

[[File:TransitOfVenus1769.png|thumb|Extract from ''Observations on the Transit of Venus'', a manuscript notebook from the collections of George III, showing George, Charlotte and those attending them.]]
George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to portray him as a man of the people, contrasting his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity.<ref>Carretta, pp. 92–93, 267–273, 302–305, 317.</ref> Under George III, the [[British Agricultural Revolution]] reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>Watson, pp. 10–11.</ref> George's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now owned by [[King's College London]] but housed in the [[Science Museum, London]], to which it has been on long-term loan since 1927. He had the [[King's Observatory]] built in [[Richmond-upon-Thames]] for his own observations of the [[1769 transit of Venus]]. When [[William Herschel]] discovered [[Uranus]] in 1781, he at first named it ''Georgium Sidus'' (George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 [[40-foot telescope]], which at the time was the biggest ever built.

George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve"<ref>Brooke, p. 90.</ref> but, in the popular mind, George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists,<ref>Carretta, pp. 99–101, 123–126.</ref> though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal.<ref>Ayling, p. 247.</ref> The grievances in the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition".<ref>Reitan, p. viii.</ref>

Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Trevelyan]] and [[Erskine May]], promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of [[Lewis Namier]], who thought George was "much maligned", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign.<ref>Reitan, pp. xii–xiii.</ref> Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as [[Herbert Butterfield|Butterfield]] and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter,<ref>Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard A. (1991) [1969]. ''George III and the Mad-Business''. Pimlico. {{ISBN|978-0-7126-5279-7}}</ref> are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: "Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence&nbsp;... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors&nbsp;... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth."<ref>Butterfield, p. 152.</ref> In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives.<ref>Brooke, pp. 175–176.</ref> In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III, the monarchy continued to lose its political power and grew as the embodiment of national morality.<ref name=dnb/>