Editing Genomic imprinting (section)

== Imprinted genes in other animals ==
In insects, imprinting affects entire chromosomes. In some insects the entire paternal genome is silenced in male offspring, and thus is involved in sex determination. The imprinting produces effects similar to the mechanisms in other insects that eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male offspring, including [[arrhenotoky]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Genomic Imprinting |vauthors=Herrick G, Seger J |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-662-21956-0 |veditors=Ohlsson R |series=Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation |volume=25 |pages=41–71 |chapter=Imprinting and Paternal Genome Elimination in Insects |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-69111-2_3 |pmid=10339741}}</ref> 

In social honey bees, the parent of origin and allele-specific genes has been studied from reciprocal crosses to explore the epigenetic mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior.<ref> Bresnahan et al., "Examining parent-of-origin effects on transcription and RNA methylation in mediating aggressive behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera)", BMC Genomics 24: 315 (2023), https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-023-09411-4 </ref>

In placental species, parent-offspring conflict can result in the evolution of strategies, such as genomic imprinting, for embryos to subvert maternal nutrient provisioning. Despite several attempts to find it, genomic imprinting has not been found in the platypus, reptiles, birds, or fish. The absence of genomic imprinting in a placental reptile, the [[Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii]], is interesting as genomic imprinting was thought to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and placental nutrient transport.<ref name="pmid26943808">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffith OW, Brandley MC, Belov K, Thompson MB | title = Allelic expression of mammalian imprinted genes in a matrotrophic lizard, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii | journal = Development Genes and Evolution | volume = 226 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–85 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26943808 | doi = 10.1007/s00427-016-0531-x | s2cid = 14643386 }}</ref>

Studies in domestic livestock, such as dairy and beef cattle, have implicated imprinted genes (e.g. IGF2) in a range of economic traits,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magee DA, Berry DP, Berkowicz EW, Sikora KM, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, Evans RD, Spillane C, MacHugh DE | display-authors = 6 | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms within the bovine DLK1-DIO3 imprinted domain are associated with economically important production traits in cattle | journal = The Journal of Heredity | volume = 102 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20817761 | doi = 10.1093/jhered/esq097 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sikora KM, Magee DA, Berkowicz EW, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, Evans RD, Machugh DE, Spillane C | display-authors = 6 | title = DNA sequence polymorphisms within the bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gs subunit alpha (Gsα)-encoding (GNAS) genomic imprinting domain are associated with performance traits | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 12 | pages = 4 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21214909 | pmc = 3025900 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-12-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /> including dairy performance in Holstein-Friesian cattle.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berkowicz EW, Magee DA, Sikora KM, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, Evans RD, Spillane C, MacHugh DE | display-authors = 6 | title = Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the imprinted bovine insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) locus are associated with dairy performance in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle | journal = The Journal of Dairy Research | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 20822563 | doi = 10.1017/S0022029910000567 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 11019/377 }}</ref>

In sheep, the CLPG gene ("callipyge" from [[Greek language|Greek]], meaning "beautiful buttocks") produces a large buttocks consisting of muscle with very little fat. The large-buttocked phenotype only occurs when the allele is present on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from a sheep's father and is ''not'' on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from that sheep's mother.<ref name="sheep">{{Cite news |date=2001-05-07 |title=The Legacy of Solid Gold |url=http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_01/Callipyge_sheep_imprinting.shtml |publisher=Genome News Network |vauthors=Winstead ER}}</ref> The CLPG locus is encompassed by [[DLK1|Dlk1]]-Gtl2, an imprinted region of the mammalian genome, and the atypical presentation of this gene is a result of this imprinting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Annabelle |last2=Redrup |first2=Lisa |date=26 April 2005 |title=Genetic Imprinting: Conflict at the Callipyge Locus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220500374X |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.003 |via=Science Direct}}</ref>

=== Mouse foraging behavior ===
Foraging behavior in mice studied is influenced by a sexually dimorphic allele expression implicating a cross-gender imprinting influence that varies throughout the body and may dominate expression and shape a behavior.<ref name="pmid35263575">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonthuis PJ, Steinwand S, Stacher Hörndli CN, Emery J, Huang WC, Kravitz S, Ferris E, Gregg C | display-authors = 6 | title = Noncanonical genomic imprinting in the monoamine system determines naturalistic foraging and brain-adrenal axis functions | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 38 | issue = 10 | pages = 110500 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35263575 | pmc = 9128000 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110500 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Robitzski D | title = Mouse Foraging Behavior Shaped by Opposite-Sex Parent's Genes | work = The Scientist | date =  12 April 2022 | url = https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/genomic-imprinting-from-opposite-sex-parent-shapes-mouse-foraging-69900?_hsmi=216252693 }}</ref>