Editing French Revolution (section)

=== Reign of Terror ===
[[File:Octobre 1793, supplice de 9 émigrés.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Nine ''[[French emigration (1789–1815)|émigrés]]'' are executed by [[guillotine]], 1793]]
Although intended to bolster revolutionary fervour, the [[Reign of Terror]] rapidly degenerated into the settlement of personal grievances. At the end of July, the Convention set [[General maximum|price controls]] on a wide range of goods, with the death penalty for hoarders. On 9 September, 'revolutionary groups' were established to enforce these controls, while the [[Law of Suspects]] on 17 September approved the arrest of suspected "enemies of freedom". This initiated what has become known as the "Terror". From September 1793 to July 1794, around 300,000 were arrested,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=French Revolution {{!}} History, Summary, Timeline, Causes, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005533/https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution |url-status=live }}</ref> with some 16,600 people executed on charges of counter-revolutionary activity, while another 40,000 may have been summarily executed, or died awaiting trial.{{Sfn|Gough|1998|p=77}}

Price controls made farmers reluctant to sell their produce in Parisian markets, and by early September the city was suffering acute food shortages. At the same time, the war increased public debt, which the Assembly tried to finance by selling confiscated property. However, few would buy assets that might be repossessed by their former owners, a concern that could only be achieved by military victory. This meant the financial position worsened as threats to the Republic increased, while printing ''[[assignats]]'' to deal with the deficit further increased inflation.{{Sfn|White|1995|p=242}}

On 10 October, the Convention recognised the Committee of Public Safety as the supreme [[National Convention#Revolutionary government|Revolutionary Government]] and suspended the constitution until peace was achieved.{{Sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=53}} In mid-October, Marie Antoinette was convicted of a long list of crimes and guillotined; two weeks later, the Girondist leaders arrested in June were also executed, along with [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe Égalité]]. The "Terror" was not confined to Paris, with over 2,000 killed in Lyons after its recapture.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=784}}

[[File:Georges Danton.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Georges Danton]]; Robespierre's close friend and ''Montagnard'' leader, executed 5 April 1794]]

At [[Second Battle of Cholet|Cholet]] on 17 October, the Republican army won a decisive victory over the [[War in the Vendée|Vendée rebels]], and the survivors escaped into Brittany. A [[Battle of Le Mans (1793)|defeat at Le Mans]] on 23 December ended the rebellion as a major threat, although the insurgency continued until 1796. The extent of the repression that followed has been debated by French historians since the mid-19th century.{{Sfn|Cough|1987|pp=977–988}} Between November 1793 and February 1794, over 4,000 were [[Drownings at Nantes|drowned in the Loire at Nantes]] under the supervision of [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]]. Historian Reynald Secher claims that as many as 117,000 died between 1793 and 1796. Although those numbers have been challenged, [[François Furet]] concludes it "not only revealed massacre and destruction on an unprecedented scale, but a zeal so violent that it has bestowed as its legacy much of the region's identity."{{Sfn|Furet|Ozouf|1989|p=175}}{{Efn|Other estimates of the death toll range from 170,000{{Sfn|Hussenet|2007|p=148}} to 200,000–250,000{{Sfn|Martin|1987|p=?}}}}

At the height of the Terror, not even its supporters were immune from suspicion, leading to divisions within the ''Montagnard'' faction between radical ''[[Hébertists]]'' and moderates led by Danton.{{Efn|In one exchange, a Hébertist named Vadier threatened to 'gut that fat [[turbot]], Danton', who replied that if he tried, he (Danton) would 'eat his brains and shit in his skull'.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=814}}}} Robespierre saw their dispute as de-stabilising the regime, and, as a [[deist]], objected to the [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|anti-religious policies]] advocated by the [[atheist]] Hébert, who was arrested and executed on 24 March with 19 of his colleagues.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=816}} To retain the loyalty of the remaining Hébertists, Danton was arrested and executed on 5 April with [[Camille Desmoulins]], after a [[show trial]] that arguably did more damage to Robespierre than any other act in this period.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=819}}

The [[Law of 22 Prairial]] (10 June) denied "enemies of the people" the right to defend themselves. Those arrested in the provinces were sent to Paris for judgment; from March to July, executions in Paris increased from 5 to 26 per day.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=837}} Many Jacobins ridiculed the festival of the [[Cult of the Supreme Being]] on 8 June, a lavish and expensive ceremony led by Robespierre, who was also accused of circulating claims he was a second Messiah. Relaxation of price controls and rampant inflation caused increasing unrest among the ''sans-culottes'', but the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|improved military situation]] reduced fears the Republic was in danger. Fearing their own survival depended on Robespierre's removal, on 29 June three members of the Committee of Public Safety openly accused him of being a dictator.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=838}} Robespierre responded by refusing to attend Committee meetings, allowing his opponents to build a coalition against him. In a speech made to the convention on 26 July, he claimed certain members were conspiring against the Republic, an almost certain death sentence if confirmed. When he refused to provide names, the session broke up in confusion. That evening he repeated these claims at the Jacobins club, where it was greeted with demands for execution of the 'traitors'. Fearing the consequences if they did not act first, his [[Fall of Maximilien Robespierre|opponents attacked Robespierre]] and his allies in the Convention next day. When Robespierre attempted to speak, his voice failed, one deputy crying "The blood of Danton chokes him!"{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=844}}

[[File:Execution robespierre, saint just....jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|The execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794 marked the end of the [[Reign of Terror]].]]

After the Convention authorised his arrest, he and his supporters took refuge in the ''Hotel de Ville'', which was defended by elements of the National Guard. Other units loyal to the Convention stormed the building that evening and detained Robespierre, who severely injured himself attempting suicide. He was executed on 28 July with 19 colleagues, including Saint-Just and [[Georges Couthon]], followed by 83 members of the Commune.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=845}} The Law of 22 Prairial was repealed, any surviving Girondists reinstated as deputies, and the Jacobin Club was closed and banned.{{Sfn|Soboul|1975|pp=425–428}}

There are various interpretations of the Terror and the violence with which it was conducted. Furet argues that the intense ideological commitment of the revolutionaries and their utopian goals required the extermination of any opposition.{{Sfn|Furet|1989|p=222}} A middle position suggests violence was not inevitable but the product of a series of complex internal events, exacerbated by war.{{Sfn|Hanson|2009|p=?}}