Editing Expressive aphasia (section)

===Transcranial magnetic stimulation===
In [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]] (TMS), magnetic fields are used to create electrical currents in specified [[cerebral cortex|cortical]] regions. The procedure is a painless and noninvasive method of stimulating the cortex. TMS works by suppressing the inhibition process in certain areas of the brain.<ref name='Naeser'>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2004.08.004|title=Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca|journal=Brain and Language|year=2004|first=Naeser|last=Margaret|author2=Paula Martin|author3=Marjorie Nicholas|author4=Errol Baker|pmid=15766771|volume=93|issue=1|pages=95–105|s2cid=9348149}}</ref> By suppressing the inhibition of neurons by external factors, the targeted area of the brain may be reactivated and thereby recruited to compensate for lost function. Research has shown that patients can demonstrate increased object naming ability with regular transcranial magnetic stimulation than patients not receiving TMS.<ref name="Naeser"/> Furthermore, research suggests this improvement is sustained upon the completion of TMS therapy.<ref name='Naeser' /> However, some patients fail to show any significant improvement from TMS which indicates the need for further research of this treatment.<ref name='Martin'>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2009.07.007|title=Overt Naming fMRI Pre- and Post- TMS: Two Nonfluent Aphasia Patients, with and without Improved Naming Post- TMS|journal=Brain and Language|year=2009|first=Paula|last=Martin|author2=Margaret Naeser|author3=Michael Ho|author4=Karl Doron|author5=Jacquie Kurland|pmid=19695692|volume=111|issue=1|pmc=2803355|pages=20–35}}</ref>