Editing Erasmus (section)

===Fates of friends===
[[File:William Warham.jpg|thumb|[[William Warham]], Archbishop of Canterbury]]
[[File:Cuthbert Tunstall (1474–1559), Bishop of Durham (Auckland Castle).jpg|thumb|[[Cuthbert Tunstall]], Bishop of Durham]]
In the 1530s, life became more dangerous for Spanish Erasmians when Erasmus' protector, the Inquisitor General [[Alonso Manrique de Lara]] fell out of favour with the royal court and lost power within his own organization to friar-theologians. In 1532 Erasmus' friend, ''[[converso]]'' [[Juan de Vergara]] ([[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros|Cisneros]]' Latin secretary who had worked on the [[Complutensian Polyglot]] and published [[Stunica]]'s criticism of Erasmus) was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and had to be ransomed from them by the humanist Archbishop of Toledo [[Alonso III Fonseca]], also a correspondent of Erasmus', who had previously rescued [[Ignatius of Loyola]] from them.<ref name=ingram/>{{rp|80}}<!-- Oops lost citation-book on early Jesuits <ref group=note>Loyola later in life similarly rescued several people from prison during their inquisition process.</ref> -->

There was a generational change in the Catholic hierarchy. In 1530, the reforming French bishop [[Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)|Guillaume Briçonnet]] died.  In 1532 his beloved long-time mentor English Primate [[William Warham|Warham]] died of old age,{{refn|group=note|Erasmus writing a moving letter to William Blount's teenaged son [[Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy|Charles]] about Warham: "I wrote this in sorrow and grief, my mind totally devastated… We had made a vow to die together; he had promised a common grave…I am held back here half-alive, still owing the debt from the vow I had made, which …I will soon pay. …Instead, even time, which is supposed to cure even the most grievous sorrows, merely makes this wound more and more painful. What more can I say? I feel that I am being called. I will be glad to die here together with that incomparable and irrevocable patron of mine, provided I am allowed, by the mercy of Christ, to live there together with him."<ref name=scheck1/>{{rp|86}} }} as did reforming cardinal [[Giles of Viterbo]] and Swiss bishop [[Hugo von Hohenlandenberg]]. In 1534 his distrusted protector [[Clement VII]] (the "inclement Clement"<ref name=bietenholz>{{cite book |last1=Bietenholz |first1=Peter G. |title=History and Biography in the Work of Erasmus of Rotterdam |date=1966 |publisher=Librairie Droz |location=Geneva}}</ref>{{rp|72}}) died, his recent Italian ally Cardinal [[Thomas Cajetan|Cajetan]] (widely tipped as the next pope) died, and his old ally Cardinal [[Lorenzo Campeggio|Campeggio]] retired.

As more friends died (in 1533, his friend [[Pieter Gillis]]; in 1534, [[William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy|William Blount]]; in early 1536, [[Catherine of Aragon]] and [[Richard Pace]];) and as Luther and some Lutherans and some powerful Catholic theologians renewed their personal attacks on Erasmus, his letters are increasingly focused on concerns on the status of friendships and safety as he considered moving from bland Freiburg despite his health.<ref group=note>"I am so weary of this region[...]I feel that there is a conspiracy to kill me[...]Many hope for war." Letter to Erasmus Schets (1534)</ref>

In 1535, Erasmus' friends [[Thomas More]], Bishop [[John Fisher]] and the [[Bridgettines|Brigittine]] monk [[Richard Reynolds (martyr)|Richard Reynolds]]{{refn|group=note|In the ''Expositio Fidelis'', Erasmus recounts "Included with the Carthusians was the Brigittine monk Reynolds, a man of angelic features and angelic character and possessed of sound judgment, as I discovered through the conversations I had with him when I was in England in the company of Cardinal Campeggi."<ref name=correspondence/>{{rp|611}}  }} were executed as pro-Rome traitors by [[Henry VIII]], who Erasmus and More had first met as a boy. Despite illness Erasmus wrote the [[Thomas More#Personality according to Erasmus|first biography]] of More (and Fisher), the short, anonymous ''Expositio Fidelis'', which Froben published, at the instigation of de Góis.<ref name=hirsch/>

After Erasmus' time, numerous of Erasmus' translators later met similar fates at the hands of Anglican, Catholic and Reformed sectarians and autocrats: including [[Margaret Pole]], [[William Tyndale]], [[Michael Servetus]]. Others, such as Charles V's Latin secretary [[Juan de Valdés]], fled and died in self-exile.

Erasmus' friend and collaborator Bishop [[Cuthbert Tunstall]] eventually died in prison under Elizabeth I for refusing the [[Oath of Supremacy]]. Erasmus' correspondent Bishop [[Stephen Gardiner]], who he had known as a teenaged student in Paris and Cambridge,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Amanda |title=Flesh, Blood, and Puffed-Up Livers: The Theological, Political, and Social Contexts behind the 1550–1551 Written Eucharistic Debate between Thomas Cranmer and Stephen Gardiner |date=1 January 2014 |doi=10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.401 |url=https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/401 |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133536/https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/401/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was later imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] for five years under [[Edward VI]] for impeding Protestantism.{{refn|group=note|During which he occupied himself copying out quotations from Erasmus' ''Adages'' ''etc'' and formally complaining about the protestantized English translation of Erasmus' ''Paraphrases of the New Testament''.<ref>{{cite web |title=(Prison) Note(book)s Toward a History of Boredom |url=https://www.jhiblog.org/2016/10/03/prison-notebooks-toward-a-history-of-boredom/ |website=JHI Blog |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118001622/https://www.jhiblog.org/2016/10/03/prison-notebooks-toward-a-history-of-boredom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}  Damião de Góis was tried before the Portuguese Inquisition at age 72,<ref name=hirsch/> detained almost ''incommunicado'', finally exiled to a monastery, and on release perhaps murdered.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruth |first1=Jeffrey S. |title=Lisbon in the Renaissance: Author Damiao de Gois |url=http://www.italicapress.com/index108.html |website=www.italicapress.com}}</ref> His amanuensis Gilbert Cousin died in prison at age 66, shortly after being arrested on the personal order of Pope [[Pius V]].<ref name=blair/>