Editing Engineering (section)

===Science===
{{blockquote|''Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.''|[[Theodore von Kármán]]<ref name=Caltech>{{cite web
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}}</ref><ref name=Ryschkewitsch>{{cite web|title=Improving the capability to Engineer Complex Systems – Broadening the Conversation on the Art and Science of Systems Engineering|last=Ryschkewitsch|first=M.G. NASA Chief Engineer|page=8 of 21|url=http://sdm.mit.edu/conf09/presentations/ryschkewitsch.pdf|access-date=October 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814075607/http://sdm.mit.edu/conf09/presentations/ryschkewitsch.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=American Society for Engineering Education|title=Engineering education|year=1970|publisher=American Society for Engineering Education|volume=60|quote=The great engineer Theodore von Karman once said, "Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that never has been." Today, more than ever, the engineer must create a world that never has been&nbsp;...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frZVAAAAMAAJ&q=Scientists+study+the+world+as+it+is;+engineers+create+the+world+that+has+never+been|page=467|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416122644/https://books.google.com/books?id=frZVAAAAMAAJ&q=Scientists+study+the+world+as+it+is;+engineers+create+the+world+that+has+never+been|url-status=live}}</ref> }}

[[File:Worker inside the target chamber of the National Ignition Facility.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Engineers, scientists and technicians at work on target positioner inside [[National Ignition Facility]] (NIF) target chamber]]

There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely "engineering scientists".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esm.psu.edu/academics/undergraduate/what-is-engineering-science.aspx |title=What is Engineering Science? |website=esm.psu.edu |access-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516163509/https://www.esm.psu.edu/academics/undergraduate/what-is-engineering-science.aspx |archive-date=2022-05-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 5 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[International Space Station]] is used to conduct science experiments in space.]]
In the book ''[[What Engineers Know and How They Know It]]'',<ref name="vincenti">{{cite book|last=Vincenti|first=Walter G. |title=What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8018-3974-0}}</ref> [[Walter Vincenti]] asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic [[physics]] or [[chemistry]] are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

There is a "real and important" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology.<ref>Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. ''Whitman-Peck Physics''. American Book Company, 1946, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA06 p. 06] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801101650/https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA06 |date=August 1, 2020 }}. {{OCLC|3247002}}</ref><ref>Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA600 p. 600]</ref> Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988|title = Relationship between physics and electrical engineering|journal = Journal of the A.I.E.E.| volume=46| issue=2| pages=107–108|year = 1927|s2cid = 51673339}}</ref><ref>Puttaswamaiah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkitoDyVWG0C&pg=PA208 ''Future Of Economic Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026144027/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkitoDyVWG0C&pg=PA208 |date=October 26, 2018 }}. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208.</ref><ref>Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. ''Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots''. SPIE Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8194-4872-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5SZiAKpFwgC&pg=PA190 p. 190]</ref> For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics.<ref>C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings [https://library.iated.org/view/MORON2011THE pp. 5929–34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101632/https://library.iated.org/view/MORON2011THE |date=December 20, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-84-614-7423-3}}</ref> Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that a physicist is trained to do an engineer's job. A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training.<ref>R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 ''Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801102853/https://books.google.com/books?id=sJLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |date=August 1, 2020 }}. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110.</ref> Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work.<ref>Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-136-38982-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ScgJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095210/https://books.google.com/books?id=ScgJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref> But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of [[engineering physics]] and [[applied physics]] are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering|date=October 2016|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=December 23, 2016|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191436/https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the [[Navier–Stokes equations]] to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the [[finite element method]] to calculate the stresses in complex components. Second, engineering research employs many semi-[[empirical methods]] that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baofu |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu8YBwAAQBAJ&dq=engineering+research+employs+many+semi-empirical+methods+that+are+foreign+to+pure+scientific+research,+one+example+being+the+method+of+parameter+variation&pg=PA141 |title=The Future of Post-Human Engineering: A Preface to a New Theory of Technology |date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0813-2 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

As stated by Fung ''et al.'' in the revision to the classic engineering text ''Foundations of Solid Mechanics'':

<blockquote>Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]] and [[mechanics]]. Often they had to add to the sciences relevant to their profession. Thus engineering sciences were born.<ref name="Fung">{{cite book|title=Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, YC Fung and P. Tong|publisher=World Scientific|year=2001}}</ref></blockquote>

Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the case of failure of the solution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics|title=Code of Ethics {{!}} National Society of Professional Engineers|website=www.nspe.org|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218064318/https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics|url-status=live}}</ref>