Editing Electron transport chain (section)

=== Electron acceptors and terminal oxidase/reductase ===
{{cleanup section|reason=We talk as if oxidases are not also reductases, and as if reductases are not also oxidizing something. That's messed up.|date=December 2023}}
As there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. As with other steps of the ETC, an enzyme is required to help with the process.

If oxygen is available, it is most often used as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes. An [[oxidase]] reduces the O{{sub|2}} to water while oxidizing something else. In mitochondria, the terminal membrane complex (''Complex IV'') is cytochrome oxidase, which oxidizes the cytochrome. [[Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration|Aerobic]] bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases. For example, ''E. coli'' (a [[Facultative anaerobe|facultative]] anaerobe) does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a ''bc<sub>1</sub>'' complex. Under aerobic conditions, it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases (both proton pumps) to reduce oxygen to water.

Bacterial terminal oxidases can be split into classes according to the molecules act as terminal electron acceptors. Class I oxidases are cytochrome oxidases and use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Class II oxidases are quinol oxidases and can use a variety of terminal electron acceptors. Both of these classes can be subdivided into categories based on what redox-active components they contain. E.g. Heme aa3 Class 1 terminal oxidases are much more efficient than Class 2 terminal oxidases.<ref name="Anraku 101–132"/>

Mostly in anaerobic environments different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate. When bacteria grow in [[Hypoxia (environmental)|anaerobic]] environments, the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase. ''E. coli'' can use fumarate reductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, DMSO reductase, or trimethylamine-N-oxide reductase, depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment.

Most terminal oxidases and reductases are ''inducible''. They are synthesized by the organism as needed, in response to specific environmental conditions.