Editing Effects of cannabis (section)

===Cardiovascular effects===
Short-term (one to two hours) effects on the cardiovascular system can include increased heart rate, dilation of blood vessels, and fluctuations in blood pressure.<ref>{{cite book | last = Falvo | first = D R | title = Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | edition = Third | year = 2005 | page = 217 | isbn = 978-0-7637-3166-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Ghodse | first = Hamid | title = Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | page = 97 | isbn = 978-1-139-48567-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jones RT|date=November 2002|title=Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana|journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|pages=58S–63S|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x|pmid=12412837|s2cid=12193532}}<!--| access-date =19 October 2013--></ref> There are medical reports of occasional heart attacks or [[myocardial infarction]], [[stroke]], and other cardiovascular side effects.<ref name="Jones2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jones RT|date=November 2002|title=Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana|journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=42|issue=S1|pages=58S–63S|doi=10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x|pmid=12412837|s2cid=12193532}}<!--| access-date =31 January 2013--></ref> Cannabis's cardiovascular effects are not associated with serious health problems for most young, healthy users.<ref name="Jones2002"/> Researchers reported in the ''[[International Journal of Cardiology]]'', "Marijuana use by older people, particularly those with some degree of [[coronary artery disease|coronary artery]] or [[cerebrovascular disease]], poses greater risks due to the resulting increase in [[catecholamine]]s, [[cardiac physiology|cardiac workload]], and [[carboxyhemoglobin]] levels, and concurrent episodes of profound postural [[hypotension]]. Indeed, marijuana may be a much more common cause of [[myocardial infarction]] than is generally recognized. In day-to-day practice, a history of marijuana use is often not sought by many practitioners, and even when sought, the patient's response is not always truthful".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aryana A, Williams MA | title = Marijuana as a trigger of cardiovascular events: speculation or scientific certainty? | journal = International Journal of Cardiology | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–4 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17005273 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.001 | url = http://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(06)00778-9/abstract | access-date = 6 April 2013 | archive-date = 17 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180417051017/http://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273%2806%2900778-9/abstract | url-status = live }}</ref>

A 2013 analysis of 3,886 myocardial infarction survivors over an 18-year period showed "no statistically significant association between marijuana use and mortality".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frost L, Mostofsky E, Rosenbloom JI, Mukamal KJ, Mittleman MA | title = Marijuana use and long-term mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction | journal = American Heart Journal | volume = 165 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–5 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23351819 | pmc = 3558923 | doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.11.007 }}</ref>

A 2008 study by the [[National Institutes of Health]] Biomedical Research Centre in Baltimore found that heavy, chronic smoking of marijuana (138 joints per week) changed [[blood proteins]] associated with heart disease and stroke.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/heavy-pot-smoking-could-raise-risk-of-heart-attack-stroke-1.738372 |title=Heavy pot smoking could raise risk of heart attack, stroke |publisher=CBC |access-date=17 April 2009 |date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102914/http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2008/05/13/pot-stroke.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2000 study by researchers at Boston's [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], and [[Harvard School of Public Health]] found that a middle-aged person's risk of heart attack rises nearly fivefold in the first hour after smoking cannabis, "roughly the same risk seen within an hour of sexual activity".<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://healthland.time.com/2013/02/08/marijuana-linked-to-increased-stroke-risk/#ixzz2TmRWjqKa | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=Marijuana Linked to Increased Stroke Risk | date=8 February 2013 | access-date=19 May 2013 | archive-date=20 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420141333/https://healthland.time.com/2013/02/08/marijuana-linked-to-increased-stroke-risk/#ixzz2TmRWjqKa | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT 2000">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/03/us/report-links-heart-attacks-to-marijuana.html |title=Report Links Heart Attacks To Marijuana |last=Noble |first=Holcomb B. |name-list-style=vanc |date=3 March 2000 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |archive-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807140810/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/03/us/report-links-heart-attacks-to-marijuana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Cannabis arteritis]] is a very rare peripheral vascular disease similar to [[Buerger's disease]]. There were about 50 confirmed cases from 1960 to 2008, all in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peyrot I, Garsaud AM, Saint-Cyr I, Quitman O, Sanchez B, Quist D | title = Cannabis arteritis: a new case report and a review of literature | journal = Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 388–91 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17309465 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01947.x | s2cid = 43529847 | quote = Amputation of the right second toe and of the left leg finally became necessary. }}</ref>