Editing Edward I of England (section)

===Parliament and the expulsion of the Jews===
{{Further|History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)#Edward I and the Expulsion|Edict of Expulsion}}
[[File:BritLibCottonNeroDiiFol183vPersecutedJews.jpg|thumb|left|A contemporary illustration showing the expulsion of the Jews. Image shows the white double ''[[Jewish badge|tabula]]'' that Jews in England were mandated to wear by law.|alt=Jews wearing Jewish badges and being beaten by English people as they are forced to leave.]] Edward's policy towards the [[English Jews]] dominated his financial relations with Parliament until 1290.{{sfn|Stacey|1997|p=78}} Jews, unlike Christians, were allowed to charge interest on loans, known as [[usury]]. Edward faced pressure from the church, who were increasingly intolerant of Judaism and usury.<ref>{{harvnb|Tolan|2023|pp=170-172}}</ref> The Jews were the King's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=344}}.</ref> Over-taxation of the Jews forced them to sell their debt bonds at cut prices, which was exploited by the crown to transfer vast land wealth from indebted landholders to courtiers and his wife, Eleanor of Provence, causing widespread resentment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Parsons|1995|p=|pp=149-151, 123}}, {{Harvnb|Hillaby|Hillaby|2013|p=13}}, {{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=86}}, {{harvnb|Tolan|2023|pp=140, 170}}.</ref> In 1275, facing discontent in Parliament, Edward issued the [[Statute of the Jewry]], which outlawed loans with interest and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|p=322}}, {{Harvnb|Stacey|1997|pp=96-97}}, {{harvnb|Tolan|2023|p=170}}.</ref> In 1279, using a crack-down on [[Methods of coin debasement|coin-clippers]] as a pretext, he organised the arrest of all the heads of Jewish households in England. Approximately a tenth of the Jewish population, around 300 people, were executed. Others were allowed to pay fines. At least £16,000{{efn|A value of approximately 1.6m days of work for a skilled tradesman.<ref>{{harvnb|National Archives|2024}}</ref>}} was raised through fines and the seizure of property from the dead.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|pp=170–171}}, {{Harvnb|Rokéah|1988|pp=91-92, 98}}.</ref>{{efn|Rokéah's figures make it clear that the vast majority of this windfall came from Jews, but it is not possible to be exact. Christians were also arrested and fined, especially over the longer period, but far fewer were executed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rokéah|1988|pp=97-98}}</ref>}} In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but these exhortations were not followed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=226}}, {{harvnb|Tolan|2023|p=172}}.</ref> By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown,<ref name="Chancellor135">{{Harvnb|Chancellor|1981|p=135}}, {{Harvnb|Richardson|1960|pp=214–216}}, {{Harvnb|Stacey|1997|p=93}}.</ref> but they could still be used in political bargaining.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|pp=344–345}}, {{Harvnb|Stacey|1997|p=93}}.</ref>

With the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, Edward formally expelled all Jews from England.{{efn|name=expulsiondate|The date for the Edict of Expulsion, 18 July 1290, was the fast of the [[ninth of Ab]], commemorating the fall of the Temple at Jerusalem and other disasters experienced by the Jewish people; it is unlikely to be a coincidence. The date by which the Jews had to leave was set as 1 November, [[All Saints' Day]].<ref>{{harvnb|Richmond|1992|pp=44-45}}, {{harvnb|Roth|1964|p=85}}</ref>}} As they crossed the Channel to France, some became victims to piracy, and many more were dispossessed or died in the October storms.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morris|2009|pp=226–228}}, {{harvnb|Roth|1964|p=87}}.</ref> The Crown disposed of their property through sales and 85 grants made to courtiers and family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Huscroft|2006|pp=157-159}}</ref>{{efn|For example, Eleanor of Castile gave the Canterbury synagogue to her tailor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Huscroft|2006|pp=157-159}}</ref>}} The Edict appears to have been issued as part of a deal to secure a lay subsidy of £110,000 from Parliament,{{efn|A value of about 11 million days' work for a skilled tradesman.<ref>{{harvnb|National Archives|2024}}</ref>}} the largest granted in the medieval period.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=345}}; {{Harvnb|Powicke|1962|p=513}}.</ref> Although expulsions had taken place on a local, temporary basis,{{efn|For example, [[Philip II of France]], [[John I, Duke of Brittany]] and Louis IX of France, had temporarily expelled Jews.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roth|1964|p=90}}, {{Harvnb|Skinner|2003|p=1}}, {{Harvnb|Huscroft|2006|p=12}}</ref>}} the English expulsion was unprecedented because it was permanent.<ref>{{Harvnb |Roth|1964|p=90}}, {{Harvnb|Stacey|2001}}, {{Harvnb|Skinner|2003|p=1}}, {{Harvnb|Huscroft|2006|p=12}}</ref> It was [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|eventually reversed in the 1650s]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Prestwich|1997|p=346}}, {{Harvnb|Morris|2009|p=226}}, {{Harvnb|Roth|1964|p=|pp=164-166}}.</ref> Edward claimed the Expulsion was done "in honour of the [[Jesus|Crucified]]" and blamed the Jews for their treachery and criminality.<ref>{{harvnb|Hillaby|Hillaby|2013|p=138}}</ref> He helped pay for the renovation of the tomb of [[Little Saint Hugh]], a child falsely claimed to have been ritually crucified by Jews, in the same style as the Eleanor crosses, to take political credit for his actions. As historian Richard Stacey notes, "a more explicit identification of the crown with the [[blood libel|ritual crucifixion charge]] can hardly be imagined."<ref>Quote at {{Harvnb|Stacey|2001|p=174}}. See also {{Harvnb|Stacey|2001|pp=176-177}}, {{Harvnb|Stocker|1986|p=|pp=115-116}}, {{Harvnb|Hillaby|1994|p=|pp=94-98}}</ref>{{efn|The tomb featured the Royal Crest. The association with the Eleanor crosses is likely to have been an attempt by Edward to associate her memory with opposition to the alleged criminality of the Jews, given her unpopular property dealings which had featured acquisition of lands through purchase of Jewish bonds.{{sfn|Hillaby|1994|pp=94–98}}}}