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=== Government revenues and expenditures === {{Main|Taxation in Pakistan}} [[File:Clifton Beach, Karachi - Pakistan.jpg|thumb|[[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton]] in Karachi]] Although the country is a Federation with constitutional division of taxation powers between the [[Government of Pakistan|Federal Government]] and the four provinces, the revenue department of the Federal Government, the [[Federal Board of Revenue]], collects more than 80% of the entire national tax collection. The government's revenue streams primarily stem from two sources: [[taxation]] and [[non-tax revenue]]. Taxation, which includes [[income tax]], [[sales tax]], and [[customs duties]], constitutes a substantial portion of revenues, bolstering both federal and provincial government finances. Non-tax revenue sources, such as mark-up from state enterprises, surplus profits from the [[State Bank of Pakistan]], and royalties on oil and gas, further contribute significantly to the fiscal framework. Conversely, government expenditures are strategically allocated across multiple sectors, including defense, social services, infrastructure development, and debt servicing. Current expenditures, covering operational costs, interest payments, pensions, and other obligations, are carefully balanced against development expenditures aimed at fostering long-term growth and progress. The challenge of achieving equilibrium between revenue generation and expenditure allocation leads to [[Government budget balance|budgetary deficits]] that can necessitate borrowing to bridge the gap. The data has been sourced from the Ministry of Finance.<ref>{{cite web |title=consolidated fiscal operations |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/fiscal_main.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608090837/http://www.finance.gov.pk:80/fiscal_main.html |archive-date=8 June 2010 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Ministry of Finance}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Consolidated federal and provincial fiscal operations (amounts in billion PKR) ! List ! FY 2008 ! FY 2009 ! FY 2010 ! FY 2011 ! FY 2012 ! FY 2013 ! FY 2014 ! FY 2015 ! FY 2016 ! FY 2017 ! FY 2018 ! FY 2019 ! FY 2020 ! FY 2021 ! FY 2022 !FY 2023 !FY2024 |- | style="text-align:left" | '''Total revenue''' | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,499 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,851 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,078 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,253 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,567 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,982 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,637 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,931 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,447 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,937 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5,228 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4,901 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,272 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,903 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8,035 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,634 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13,269 |- | style="text-align:center" | Tax revenue | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,065 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,317 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,473 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,699 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,053 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,199 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,565 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,018 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,660 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,969 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,467 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,473 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,748 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5,272 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,755 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7,819 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10,085 |- | style="text-align:right" |FBR taxes | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,008 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,161 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,327 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,558 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,883 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,946 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,255 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,590 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,113 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,368 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,842 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3,830 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,998 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,764 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,143 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7,169 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,311 |- | '''Total expenditure''' | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,277 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,531 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,007 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,447 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,936 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 4,816 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,026 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,388 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,796 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 6,801 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,488 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 8,346 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 9,649 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10,307 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 13,295 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 16,155 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20,476 |- |'''Fiscal deficit''' | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}777 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}680 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}929 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,194 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,370 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,834 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}1,389 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,457 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}1,349 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,864 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}2,260 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}3,445 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3,376 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}3,403 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5,260 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6,521 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,207 |- ! colspan="15" |'''As % of GDP''' ! ! ! |- | Total Revenue | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}14.0 | style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}14.0 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}12.8 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14.5 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}14.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}13.6 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}13.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}11.2 | style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}13.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.0 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}11.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.5 |- |Tax revenue | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.8 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}11.0 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}10.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}10.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.8 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.7 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.5 |- | Total expenditure | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}19.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}18.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.4 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.5 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}20.0 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}19.6 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}17.7 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}19.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}19.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}19.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}18.5 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}19.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}19.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.3 |- |[[Government budget deficit|Fiscal deficit]] | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}5.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.5 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}8.8 | style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}8.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.5 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.3 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}4.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.2 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.8 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}7.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.1 | style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}7.7 | style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 6.8 |}
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