Editing Easter Rising (section)

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Skeleton of the Metropole Hotel (5987127804).jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Metropole Hotel on Sackville Street, next to the GPO]]
[[File:Cárcel de Kilmainham03.jpg|thumb|The spot at Kilmainham Gaol where most of the leaders were executed]]
[[File:1916 plot and memorial.jpg|thumb|The burial spot of the leaders of the Rising, in the old prison yard of [[Arbour Hill Prison]]. The Proclamation of 1916 is inscribed on the wall in both Irish and English]]
[[File:Searching the River Tolka in Dublin for arms.jpg|thumb|British soldiers searching the [[River Tolka]] in Dublin for arms and ammunition after the Easter Rising. May 1916]]
[[File:View of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin, 1916.jpg|alt=View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916|thumb|View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916, on a German postcard. The caption reads: ''Rising of the Sinn Feiners in Ireland. O'Connell bridge with Dublin city, where the fiercest clashes took place.'']]

=== Arrests and executions{{anchor|Executions}}<!-- [[Easter Rising executions]] redirects here--> ===
In the immediate aftermath, the Rising was commonly described as the "Sinn Féin Rebellion",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=1917}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1916/may/11/the-sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Fein Rebellion |work=Hansard - HL Deb 11 May 1916 vol 21 cc1002-36 |publisher=UK Parliament |date=11 May 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |publisher=UCD |work=UCD Digital Library |title=1916 Rising Postcards |date=1916 |doi=10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=2 September 2023 |quote=these postcards were published in 1916 in the immediate aftermath of the Insurrection [..] one showing a "before and after" photograph of Sackville (O'Connell) Street [..] O'Connell Bridge and quays Dublin : before and after "Sinn Fein Rebellion" |last1=Curran |first1=Constantine Peter }}</ref> reflecting a popular belief that [[Sinn Féin]], a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Féin rebellion? |date=21 January 2016 |publisher=Dublin City Library & Archive |first=Brian |last=Hanley |work=Citizens in Conflict: Dublin 1916}}</ref> [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|General Maxwell]], for example, signalled his intention "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion".{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=273}}

A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested, including 425 people for looting – roughly, 1,500 of these arrests accounted for the rebels.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}<ref name=foy294>Foy and Barton, pp. 294–295</ref>{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=56}} Detainees were overwhelmingly young, Catholic and religious.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=144}}{{Efn|Roughly 70% of the GPO garrison was under the age of 30, with 29% of that total being under the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526144997/9781526144997.xml |title=The Cato Street Conspiracy |chapter=The Cato Street Conspiracy: Plotting, counter-intelligence and the revolutionary tradition in Britain and Ireland |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-4499-7 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Jason |pages=9 |doi= |editor-last2=Conboy |editor-first2=Martin}}</ref>}} 1,424 men and 73 women were released after a few weeks of imprisonment; those interned without trial in England and Wales (see [[#Frongoch prison camp|below]]) were released on Christmas Eve, 1916;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmuid |title=The 1916 prisoners released on Christmas Eve |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> the remaining majority of convicts were held until June 1917.{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=55, 57}}

A series of [[Court-martial|courts martial]] began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<ref name="foy294" /> Some of those who conducted the trials had commanded British troops involved in suppressing the Rising, a conflict of interest that the Military Manual prohibited.<ref name="foy294" /> Only one of those tried by courts martial was a woman, [[Constance Markievicz]], who was also the only woman to be kept in solitary confinement.<ref name="foy294" />{{efn|Following Markievicz's arrest, an apocryphal story spread, stating that she kissed her revolver before surrendering. This story circulated amidst similar reports of rebel women and their "ferocity". Scholar in Irish Studies, Lisa Weihman wrote that these tales "surely helped justify the swift and brutal repression of the Easter Rising", for even "Ireland's women were out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weihman |first=Lisa |date=2004 |title=Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/176059 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=228–249 |doi=10.1353/eir.2004.0025 |s2cid=161386541 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Historian Fionnuala Walsh noted that "[m]any of those
women imprisoned could have avoided arrest by leaving the garrisons before the surrender as they were encouraged to do by the rebel leaders. It appears that women wished to endure the same treatment and danger as men."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Fionnuala |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/irish-women-and-the-great-war/7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702 |title=Irish Women and the Great War |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49120-4 |series= |location= |pages=176 |doi=10.1017/9781108867924|s2cid=225531440 }}</ref>}} Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Kilmainham Gaol]] between 3 and 12 May.

Maxwell stated that only the "ringleaders" and those proven to have committed "cold-blooded murder" would be executed. However, some of those executed were not leaders and did not kill anyone, such as [[Willie Pearse]] and [[John MacBride]]; [[Thomas Kent]] did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. The most prominent leader to escape execution was Éamon de Valera, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, who did so partly because of his American birth.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=Oxford Companion to Irish History |author=S. J. Connolly |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=607 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-923483-7}}</ref> Hobson went into hiding, re-emerging after the June amnesty, largely to scorn.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hay |first=Marnie |title=Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909–23: Scouting for rebels |date=2019-05-17 |work= |pages=71 |access-date= |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |doi= |isbn=978-1-5261-2775-4}}</ref>

Most of the executions took place over a ten-day period:
* 3 May: [[Patrick Pearse]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
* 4 May: [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[William Pearse]], [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward Daly]] and [[Michael O'Hanrahan]]
* 5 May: [[John MacBride]]
* 8 May: [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Michael Mallin]], [[Seán Heuston]] and [[Con Colbert]]
* 12 May: [[James Connolly]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]]

The arrests greatly affected hundreds of families and communities; anti-English sentiment developed among the public, as separatists declared the arrests as indicative of a draconian approach.<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=57}} The public, at large, feared that the response was "an assault on the entirety of the Irish national cause".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levene |first=Mark |date=2018 |title=From Armenian Red Sunday to Irish Easter Rising: Incorporating Insurrectionary Politics into the History of the Great War's Genocidal Turn, 1915-16 |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7315 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23316}}</ref> This radical transformation was recognised in the moment and had become a point of concern among British authorities; after Connolly's execution, the remaining death sentences were commuted to penal servitude.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |title=House of Commons debate, 11 May 1916: Continuance of martial law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501161054/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |archive-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 May 1916 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |title=Easter Rising 1916 – the aftermath: arrests and executions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505142041/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, p. 325</ref> Growing support for republicanism can be found as early as June 1916; imprisonment largely failed to deter militants – interned rebels would proceed to fight at higher rates than those who weren't – who thereafter quickly reorganised the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGuire |first=Charlie |date=2018 |title='They'll never understand why I'm here': British Marxism and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=147–168 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |s2cid=148784963 |issn=1361-9462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noonan |first=Gerard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 |title=The IRA in Britain, 1919-1923 |date=2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78138-026-0 |pages=33|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huff |first=Connor |date=2023 |title=Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/counterinsurgency-tactics-rebel-grievances-and-who-keeps-fighting/33AE2D679AFED94755E0D6CE5AAAB483 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=118 |language=en |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000059 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

==== Frongoch prison camp ====
{{Main|Frongoch internment camp}}
Under Regulation 14B of the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] 1,836 men were [[Internment|interned]] at internment camps and prisons in England and [[Wales]].<ref name="foy294" /> As urban areas were becoming the nexus for republicanism, Internees were largely from such areas.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|Electoral support for republicanism was, however, more prominent in rural areas.<ref name=":0" />}} Many Internees had not taken part in the Rising; many thereafter became sympathetic to the nationalist cause.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=69}}

Internees occupied themselves with the likes of lectures, craftwork, music and sports. These activities – which included games of [[Gaelic football]], crafting of Gaelic symbols, and lessons in [[Irish language|Irish]] – regularly had a nationalist character and the cause itself developed a sense of cohesion within the camps.<ref name=":10" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=60}} The military studies included discussion of the Rising.<ref name="wales">{{Cite journal |last=Helmers |first=Marguerite |date=2018 |title=Handwritten Rebellion: Autograph Albums of Irish Republican Prisoners in Frognach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |s2cid=151075988 |issn=1534-5815}}</ref> Internment lasted until December of that year with releases having started in July.<ref name="wales" /> Martial law had ceased by the end of November.<ref name="press" />

Casement was tried in London for [[high treason]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] on 3 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Execution of Roger Casement |work=Midland Daily Telegraph |date=3 August 1916 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19160803/023/0003 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== British atrocities ===
[[File:Grave of man killed in 1916 rising.jpg|thumb|Grave in [[Donaghcumper]], [[Celbridge]], of Peter Connolly, one of 15 civilians murdered in the North King Street Massacre.]]On Tuesday 25 April, Dubliner [[Francis Sheehy Skeffington]], a pacifist nationalist activist, was arrested and then taken as hostage and [[human shield]] by Captain John Bowen-Colthurst; that night Bowen-Colthurst shot dead a teenage boy.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2018 |title=Reverse Currents: Irish Feminist and Nationalist Hanna Sheehy Skeffington and U.S. Anti-imperialism, 1916–24 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/711974 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=148–185 |doi=10.1353/eir.2018.0016 |s2cid=166010855 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Skeffington was executed the next day – alongside two journalists.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kildea |first=Jeff |date=2003 |title=Called to arms: Australian soldiers in the Easter Rising 1916 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/journal/j39/kildea |journal=Journal of the Australian War Memorial |issue=39}}</ref> Two hours later,  Bowen-Colthurst captured the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] councillor and IRB lieutenant, [[Richard O'Carroll]] and had him shot in the street.<ref>Gerald Keatinge.  Some experiences of a Cadet during the Irish Rebellion of Easter Week, 1916. Unpublished. Quoted in Neil Richardson's ''According to their lights''. Collins Press, 2015. p.178.</ref> Major Sir [[Francis Vane]] raised concerns  over Bowen-Colthurst's actions and saw to him being court martialled. Bowen-Colthurst was found guilty but insane and was sentenced to an insane asylum. Owing to political pressure, an inquiry soon transpired, revealing the murders and their cover-up.<ref name=":11" /> The killing of Skeffington and others provoked outrage among citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2022 |title=Mim Walsh and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/325/article/883456 |journal=Journal of Arizona History |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=445–454 |issn=2689-3908}}</ref>

The other incident was the "North King Street Massacre". On the night of 28–29 April, British soldiers of the South Staffordshire Regiment, under Colonel Henry Taylor, had burst into houses on North King Street and killed fifteen male civilians whom they accused of being rebels. The soldiers shot or bayoneted the victims, and then secretly buried some of them in cellars or backyards after robbing them. The area saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising and the British had taken heavy casualties for little gain. Maxwell attempted to excuse the killings and argued that the rebels were ultimately responsible. He claimed that "the rebels wore no uniform" and that the people of North King Street were rebel sympathisers. Maxwell concluded that such incidents "are absolutely unavoidable in such a business as this" and that "under the circumstance the troops [...] behaved with the greatest restraint". A private brief, prepared for the Prime Minister, said the soldiers "had orders not to take any prisoners" but took it to mean they were to shoot any suspected rebel. The City Coroner's inquest found that soldiers had killed "unarmed and unoffending" residents. The military court of inquiry ruled that no specific soldiers could be held responsible, and no action was taken.<ref>{{harvp|McGarry|2010|p=187}}; {{harvp|Caulfield|1995|pp=338–340}}; {{harvp|Townshend|2006|pp=293–294}}</ref><ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, pp. 152–155</ref><ref>Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA "The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA |date=28 March 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012.</ref>

=== Inquiry ===
A [[Royal Commission]] was set up to enquire into the causes of the Rising. It began hearings on 18 May under the chairmanship of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]. The Commission heard evidence from Sir Matthew Nathan, Augustine Birrell, Lord Wimborne, Sir [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] (Inspector-General of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]]), General [[Lovick Friend]], Major Ivor Price of Military Intelligence and others.<ref>Ó Broin, Leon, ''Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising'' pp. 153–159</ref> The report, published on 26 June, was critical of the Dublin administration, saying that "Ireland for several years had been administered on the principle that it was safer and more expedient to leave the law in abeyance if collision with any faction of the Irish people could thereby be avoided."{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Birrell and Nathan had resigned immediately after the Rising. Wimborne resisted the pressure to resign, but was recalled to London by Asquith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kendle |first1=John |title=Walter Long, Ireland, and the Union, 1905-1920 |date=1992 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773563407 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOZS2L4UEyYC&pg=PA93 |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> He was re-appointed in July 1916.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Chamberlain also resigned.

=== Reaction of the Dublin public ===
At first, many Dubliners were bewildered by the outbreak of the Rising.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=265}} [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]], who was in Dublin during the week, thought, "None of these people were prepared for Insurrection. The thing had been sprung on them so suddenly they were unable to take sides."{{sfn|Stephens|1992|p=57}}{{efn|''[[The Irish Times]]'', for example, "scrambled" to report the Rising while maintaining their intended coverage of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, thus imploring readers to revise his work, along with other errands, during the "enforced domesticity" of martial law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shakespeare-at-war/2AB00C797DC3E85816015040D654B117 |title=Shakespeare at War: A Material History |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51748-2 |editor-last=Lidster |editor-first=Amy |location= |pages=124 |doi=10.1017/9781009042383 |editor-last2=Massai |editor-first2=Sonia}}</ref>}} Eyewitnesses compared the ruin of Dublin with the destruction of towns in Europe in the war: the physical damage, which included over ninety fires, was largely confined to Sackville Street.{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=32}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Corráin |first=Daithí Ó |date=2014 |title='They blew up the best portion of our city and ... it is their duty to replace it': compensation andreconstruction in the aftermathof the 1916 Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/they-blew-up-the-best-portion-of-our-city-and-it-is-their-duty-to-replace-it-compensation-andreconstruction-in-the-aftermathof-the-1916-rising1/532A63B459DAA79C98E4FCDFFE7850F8 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=272–295 |doi=10.1017/S002112140001909X |s2cid=159572446 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath, the Irish government was in disarray.{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=38}}

There was great hostility towards the Volunteers in some parts of the city which escalated to physical violence in some instances.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=143}} Historian [[Keith Jeffery]] noted that most of the opposition came from the dependents of British Army personnel.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=286}} The death and destruction, which resulted in disrupted trade, considerable looting and unemployment, contributed to the antagonism of the Volunteers, who were denounced as "murderers" and "starvers of the people" – the monetary consequences of the Rising were estimated to be at £2,500,000.{{sfnm|1a1=McGarry|1y=2010|1p=252|2a1=Morrissey|2y=2019|2p=132}}{{Efn|Soldiers' wives were reported to be starving during the Easter Week; The Dublin
Metropolitan Police sought to provide bread and milk.{{sfn|Walsh|2020|p=180}}}} International aid was supplied to residents – nationalists aided the dependents of Volunteers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dháibhéid |first=Caoimhe Nic |date=2012 |title=The Irish National Aid Association and the Radicalization of Public Opinion in Ireland, 1916—1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263270 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=705–729 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X12000234 |jstor=23263270 |s2cid=159490772 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref> The British Government compensated the consequences to the sum of £2,500,000.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Banner on Liberty Hall 12 May 1917.jpg|thumb|Commemoration of Connolly's execution, 12 May 1917]]

[[File:Waiting on Westland Row (8505718647).jpg|thumb|Crowds in Dublin waiting to welcome republican prisoners released in 1917]]

Support for the rebels did exist among Dubliners, expressed through both crowds cheering at prisoners and reverent silence.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=252–256}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} With martial law seeing this expression prosecuted, many would-be supporters elected to remain silent although "a strong undercurrent of disloyalty" was still felt.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} Drawing upon this support, and amidst the deluge of nationalist ephemera, the significantly popular ''Catholic Bulletin'' eulogised Volunteers killed in action and implored readers to donate; entertainment was offered as an extension of those intentions, targeting local sectors to great success.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Making 1916: Material and Visual Culture of the Easter Rising |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2015 |editor-last=Godson |editor-first=Lisa |pages=92 |editor-last2=Brück |editor-first2=Joanna}}</ref>{{Efn|Historian Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid wrote that "the widespread popularity of these special events was perhaps the most tangible of the shift in the politics."<ref name=":3" /> [[Peter Hart (historian)|Peter Hart]] posited that the souvenirs which quickly circulated after the Rising were ultimately "more influential than revolutionary ideology and writing".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2019 |title=What to Wear for a Revolution? Countess Constance Markievicz in Military Dress |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/744750 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=94–122 |doi=10.1353/eir.2019.0015 |s2cid=214122157 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>}} The ''Bulletin''{{'}}s Catholic character allowed it to evade the widespread censorship of press and seizure of republican propaganda; it therefore exposed many unaware readers to such propaganda.<ref name="press"/>

=== Rise of Sinn Féin ===
A meeting called by [[George Noble Plunkett|Count Plunkett]] on 19 April 1917 led to the formation of a broad political movement under the banner of Sinn Féin{{sfn|Bell|1998|p=27}} which was formalised at the Sinn Féin [[Ard Fheis]] of 25 October 1917. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]] further intensified public support for Sinn Féin before the [[1918 Irish general election|general elections]] to the [[British Parliament]] on 14 December 1918, which resulted in a landslide victory for Sinn Féin, winning 73 seats out of 105, whose [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) gathered in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form [[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]] and adopt the [[Declaration of Independence (Ireland)|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfn|Kee|2000}}

During that election, they drew directly upon the Rising and their popularity was significantly accreditable to that association, one that accrued political prestige until the end of the century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=Robert |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139017619/type/book |title=The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-01761-9 |edition= |pages=29 |doi=}}</ref> Many participants of the Rising would soon assume electoral positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carroll |first=Francis M. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001/html |title=America and the Making of an Independent Ireland: A History |date=2021-01-05 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0569-3 |pages=1 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001|s2cid=250107246 }}</ref> Sinn Féin served as an alternative to the Irish Parliamentary Party whose support for British establishments alienated voters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2019 |title=The Irish Sinn Féin Movement and Radical Labor and Feminist Dissent in America, 1916–1921 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-7569776 |journal=Labor |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.1215/15476715-7569776 |s2cid=204435832 |issn=1547-6715}}</ref>

Sinn Féin would become closely aligned with the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]], who sought to continue the IRB's ideals and waged armed conflict against British forces.<ref name=":4" />