Editing Duel (section)

====Legislation====
[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]] outlawed dueling in [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1917. Germany (the various states of the Holy Roman Empire) has a history of laws against dueling going back to the late medieval period, with a large amount of legislation ({{lang|de|Duellmandate}}) dating from the period after the Thirty Years' War. [[Prussia]] outlawed dueling in 1851, and the law was inherited by the {{lang|de|Reichsstrafgesetzbuch}} of the [[German Empire]] after 1871.<ref name="Liszt">Franz Liszt, ''Lehrbuch des Deutschen Strafrechts'', 13th ed., Berlin (1903), [http://www.bgbedia.de/zweikampf/ §&nbsp;93. 4. Der Zweikampf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101122903/http://www.bgbedia.de/zweikampf/ |date=2013-01-01 }} (pp. 327–333).</ref> [[Pope Leo XIII]] in the encyclica {{lang|la|Pastoralis officii}} (1891) asked the bishops of Germany and Austria-Hungary to impose penalties on duellists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_le13po.htm |title=Catholic Library: Pastoralis Officii (1891) |website=newadvent.org}}</ref> In Nazi-era Germany, legislations on dueling were tightened in 1937.<ref>Hitler's decree{{clarify|date=March 2016}} was a reaction to a duel between two Nazi party members: [[Roland Strunk]] was killed in a duel with [[Horst Krutschinna]].</ref> After World War II, [[West Germany|West German]] authorities persecuted [[academic fencing]] as duels until 1951, when a [[Göttingen]] court established the legal distinction between academic fencing and dueling.<ref>18 December 1951, confirmed by the [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany|Federal Court of Justice]] on 29 January 1953 (BGHSt 4, 24).</ref>

In 1839, after the death of a congressman, dueling was outlawed in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=005/llsl005.db&recNum=355 |title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 |website=memory.loc.gov |access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Duel with Rifles |url=http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/07/a-duel-with-rifles/ |date=July 17, 2013 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> A constitutional amendment was even proposed for the federal constitution to outlaw dueling.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/25466015 |title=H.R. 8, Proposing an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to Prohibit any Person who was Involved in a Duel from Holding Public Federal Office |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |year=1838 |series=File Unit: Bills and Resolutions Originating in the House during the 25th Congress, 1837–1839 |access-date=2016-07-29 |archive-date=2016-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006130706/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/25466015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some [[U.S. state]]s' constitutions, such as [[West Virginia]]'s, contain explicit prohibitions on dueling to this day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wvlegislature.gov/wvcode/wv_con.cfm |title=West Virginia Constitution |website=wvlegislature.gov}}</ref> In [[Kentucky]], state members of the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] must swear that they had never engaged in a duel with a deadly weapon, under a clause in the State Constitution enacted in the 1850s and still valid.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/12/14/us/joe-biden-trump#biden-calls-trumps-attacks-on-voting-unconscionable "Electoral College Affirms Biden's Victory"], ''The New York Times'', December 15, 2020.</ref> Other U.S. states, like [[Mississippi]] until the late 1970s, formerly had prohibitions on dueling in their state constitutions, but later repealed them,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sos.ms.gov/Education-Publications/Documents/Downloads/Mississippi_Constitution.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428202931/https://www.sos.ms.gov/Education-Publications/Documents/Downloads/Mississippi_Constitution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-04-28 |title=Mississippi Constitution |year=2014 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> whereas others, such as Iowa, constitutionally prohibited known duelers from holding political office until the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Iowa_Repeal_of_Dueling_Ban,_Amendment_2_(1992) |title=Iowa Repeal of Dueling Ban, Amendment 2 (1992) |website=Ballotpedia}}</ref>

From 1921 until 1992,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://relam.org/events/gentlemanly-jurisprudence-and-the-rule-of-law-why-dueling-was-legal-in-uruguay-from-1920-to-1992-a-talk-with-david-s-parker | title="Gentlemanly Jurisprudence and the Rule of Law: Why Dueling was Legal in Uruguay from 1920 to 1992" a talk with David S. Parker | date=10 March 2023 }}</ref> [[Uruguay]] was one of the few places where duels were fully legal. During that period, a duel was legal in cases where "an honor tribunal of three respectable citizens, one chosen by each side and the third chosen by the other two, had ruled that sufficient cause for a duel existed".<ref name="DSP">{{cite journal |first=David S. |last=Parker |date=Summer 2001 |title=Law, Honor, and Impunity in Spanish America: The Debate over Dueling, 1870–1920 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=311–341 |doi=10.2307/744132 |jstor=744132|s2cid=144994172 }}</ref>