Editing Distillation (section)

===General improvements===
Both batch and continuous distillations can be improved by making use of a [[fractionating column]] on top of the distillation flask. The column improves separation by providing a larger surface area for the vapor and condensate to come into contact. This helps it remain at equilibrium for as long as possible. The column can even consist of small subsystems ('trays' or 'dishes') which all contain an enriched, boiling liquid mixture, all with their own vapor–liquid equilibrium.

There are differences between laboratory-scale and industrial-scale fractionating columns, but the principles are the same. Examples of laboratory-scale fractionating columns (in increasing efficiency) include:
* [[Condenser (laboratory)#Air condenser|Air condenser]]
* [[Vigreux column]] (usually laboratory scale only)
* [[Packed bed|Packed column]] (packed with glass beads, metal pieces, or other chemically inert material)
* [[Spinning band distillation]] system.