Editing Disinformation (section)

=== Alternative perspectives and critiques ===
Researchers have criticized the framing of disinformation as being limited to technology platforms, removed from its wider political context and inaccurately implying that the media landscape was otherwise well-functioning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuo |first1=Rachel |last2=Marwick |first2=Alice |date=2021-08-12 |title=Critical disinformation studies: History, power, and politics |url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/critical-disinformation-studies-history-power-and-politics/ |journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review |language=en-US |doi=10.37016/mr-2020-76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015223538/https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/critical-disinformation-studies-history-power-and-politics/ |archive-date=2023-10-15 |doi-access=free}}</ref> "The field possesses a simplistic understanding of the effects of media technologies; overemphasizes platforms and underemphasizes politics; focuses too much on the United States and Anglocentric analysis; has a shallow understanding of political culture and culture in general; lacks analysis of race, class, gender, and sexuality as well as status, inequality, social structure, and power; has a thin understanding of journalistic processes; and, has progressed more through the exigencies of grant funding than the development of theory and empirical findings."<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Comes After Disinformation Studies? |url=https://citap.unc.edu/events/ica-preconference-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203095200/https://citap.unc.edu/ica-preconference-2022/ |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Center for Information, Technology, & Public Life (CITAP), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |language=en}}</ref>

Alternative perspectives have been proposed:

# Moving beyond ''[[fact-checking]] and [[media literacy]]'' to study a pervasive phenomenon as something that involves more than news consumption.
# Moving beyond ''technical solutions'' including AI-enhanced [[fact checking]] to understand the systemic basis of disinformation.
# Develop a theory that goes beyond ''[[Americentrism]]'' to develop a global perspective, understand cultural imperialism and Third World dependency on Western news'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tworek |first=Heidi |date=2022-08-02 |title=Can We Move Beyond Disinformation Studies? |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601164258/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Centre for International Governance Innovation]]}}</ref>'' and understand disinformation in the Global South.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119714491 |title=Disinformation in the Global South |date=2022-04-12 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-119-71444-6 |editor-last=Wasserman |editor-first=Herman |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119714491 |editor-last2=Madrid-Morales |editor-first2=Dani |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304064723/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119714491 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Develop ''market-oriented disinformation research'' that examines the financial incentives and [[business model]]s that nudge content creators and [[Digital platform (infrastructure)|digital platforms]] to circulate disinformation online.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />
# ''Include a multidisciplinary approach'', involving [[history]], [[political economy]], [[ethnic studies]], [[feminist studies]], and [[science and technology studies]].
# Develop understandings of ''Gendered-based disinformation (GBD)'' defined as "the dissemination of false or misleading information attacking women (especially political leaders, journalists and public figures), basing the attack on their identity as women."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2020-12-04 |title=Misogyny and Misinformation: An analysis of gendered disinformation tactics during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919005420/https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=EU DisinfoLab |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2022-01-26 |title=What is Gendered Disinformation? |url=https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721155302/https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-date=2022-07-21 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref>