Editing Dictatorship (section)

==== Asia ====
[[File:Marcos Clark Air Base cropped.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Ferdinand Marcos]] (pictured with his wife [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]]) was a Philippine dictator and [[Kleptocracy|kleptocrat]]. His regime was infamous for its corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies|title=The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?|author=Nick Davies|date=May 7, 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>]]
The [[Chinese Civil War]] ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and the People's Republic of China under [[Mao Zedong]]. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of [[Maoism]]. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries [[Sino-Soviet split|deteriorated]] as the Soviet Union underwent [[de-Stalinization]] in the late-1950s. Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the [[Cultural Revolution]] in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War |editor-first1=Richard H |editor-first2=Petra |editor-last1=Immerman |editor-last2=Goedde |date=2013-01-01 |chapter=China and the Cold War |pages=124–140 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34525/chapter/292914289 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0008|isbn=978-0199236961 }}</ref> [[Deng Xiaoping]] took power as the ''de facto'' leader of China after Mao's death and implemented [[Chinese economic reform|reforms]] to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish [[free market]] economics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shirk |first=Susan L. |date=1990-09-01 |title="Playing to the Provinces:" Deng Xiaoping's political strategy of economic reform |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-3592%2890%2990010-J |journal=Studies in Comparative Communism |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=227–258 |doi=10.1016/0039-3592(90)90010-J |issn=0039-3592}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's [[rump state]] in [[Taiwan]] until he died in 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Quentin |last2=de Seta |first2=Gabriele |date=2020-07-03 |title=Must Zhongzheng fall? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2020.1784593 |journal=City |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=627–641 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2020.1784593 |bibcode=2020City...24..627S |s2cid=221059194 |issn=1360-4813}}</ref>

Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonial control]] and the subsequent [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese occupation]] of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lau |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KiXjPZXc-wC |title=Southeast Asia and the Cold War |date=2012-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29988-9 |pages=2–3 |language=en}}</ref> Three Communist dictatorships were formed in Southeast Asia: [[North Vietnam]], Laos, and [[Democratic Kampuchea|Kampuchea]]. North Vietnam conquered [[South Vietnam]] at the end of the [[Vietnam War]], and the two merged into a single Communist country. Anti-Communist dictators also ruled in the region. [[Suharto]] became dictator in Indonesia after [[Transition to the New Order|taking power]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guan |first=Ang Cheng |date=2013-01-01 |chapter=The Cold War in Southeast Asia |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34525/chapter/292917918 |editor-first1=Richard H |editor-first2=Petra |editor-last1=Immerman |editor-last2=Goedde |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War |edition=Online |publisher=Oxford Academic |pages=230–245 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0014 |isbn=978-0-19-923696-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] ruled South Vietnam as a dictator until the [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 military coup]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=Geoffrey |date=1974-12-01 |title=The united states and the fall of diem. I. The coup that never was |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10357717408444509 |journal=Australian Outlook |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1080/10357717408444509 |issn=0004-9913}}</ref> [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ruled Philippines as a dictator until the [[People Power Revolution]] in 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benedicto |first=Bobby |date=2021 |title=The place of the dead, the time of dictatorship: Nostalgia, sovereignty, and the corpse of Ferdinand Marcos |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |language=en |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=722–739 |doi=10.1177/02637758211013038 |issn=0263-7758 |pmc=8369899 |pmid=34421166|bibcode=2021EnPlD..39..722B }}</ref> A [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|socialist military dictatorship]] was also created separately from the Communist governments in Burma until it was [[8888 Uprising|overthrown]] in 1988 and replaced by a [[State Peace and Development Council|new military dictatorship]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aung-Thwin |first1=Maureen |last2=Myint-U |first2=Thant |date=1992-01-01 |title=The Burmese ways to socialism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599208420262 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.1080/01436599208420262 |issn=0143-6597}}</ref>

[[File:1974.-Vizita-in-Siria.-Intalnire-protocolara-1024x833.jpg|thumb|[[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] (left) attending a stage event with [[Hafez al-Assad]] (right), during his state visit to [[Ba'athist Syria|Syria]]]]

A similar phenomenon took place in [[Korea]], where [[Kim Il Sung]] created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wintrobe |first=Ronald |date=2013-12-01 |title=North Korea as a Military Dictatorship |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/peps-2013-0036/html |journal=Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=459–471 |doi=10.1515/peps-2013-0036 |issn=1554-8597 |s2cid=154616493}}</ref> and [[Syngman Rhee]] created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Quee-Young |date=1996-06-01 |title=From Protest to Change of Regime: The 4–19 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea* |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.4.1179 |journal=Social Forces |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1179–1208 |doi=10.1093/sf/74.4.1179 |issn=0037-7732}}</ref> [[Park Chung Hee]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054405,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604011708/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054405,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 4, 2011|title=Park Chung Hee |magazine=[[Time Magazine|Time]]|date=August 23, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.zum.com/articles/3701203?c=01&sc=2 |language=ko |script-title=ko:인혁당 유가족, 새누리당사 앞 항의 방문|date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> and [[Chun Doo-hwan]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borowiec |first1=Steven |title=South Korea's ex-dictator Chun Doo-hwan tries to keep low profile in his twilight years |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-dictator-20151129-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |date=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="ATM">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Da-Sol |title=Ex-S Korea dictator is belligerently unrepentant |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/12/a-former-dictator-in-south-korea-has-yet-to-do-soul-searching-for-his-atrocities-in-the-1980s/ |website=Asia Times |access-date=28 March 2022 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last1=Sang-Hun |first1=Choe |title=Chun Doo-hwan, Ex-Military Dictator in South Korea, Dies at 90 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/world/asia/chun-doo-hwan-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scars still raw 40 years after dictator crushed South Korea uprising |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3084753/gwangju-massacre-scars-still-raw-40-years-after-dictator |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=28 March 2022 |language=en |date=17 May 2020 |quote=On May 18, 1980 demonstrators protesting against dictator Chun Doo-hwan's declaration of martial law confronted his troops and 10 days of violence ensued.}}</ref> would continue the pattern of dictatorship in South Korea until the [[June Democratic Struggle]] in 1987, which enabled the country's first free and fair elections and its subsequent democratization under [[Roh Tae Woo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paik |first=Nak-chung |date=2007-06-04 |title=Democracy and Peace in Korea Twenty Years After June 1987: Where Are We Now, and Where Do We Go from Here? |url=https://apjjf.org/-Nak-chung-Paik/2440/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |issue=6}}</ref>
The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. These nationalist movements supported [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. These movements supported [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]] [[Nasserism]] during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by [[Islamic nationalism]] by the 1980s.<ref name=":3" /> Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Be'eri |first=Eliezer |date=1982-01-01 |title=The waning of the military coup in Arab politics |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263208208700496 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=69–128 |doi=10.1080/00263208208700496 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> A [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|1953 coup]] overseen by the American and British governments restored [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 that established [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] as the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] under a Shia [[Islamism|Islamist]] government, with [[Ali Khamenei]] taking over after Khomeini's death.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Yaqub |first=Salim |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War |editor-first1=Richard H |editor-first2=Petra |editor-last1=Immerman |editor-last2=Goedde |date=2013-01-01 |chapter=The Cold War and the Middle East |pages=246–264 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34525/chapter/292918670 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0015|isbn=978-0199236961 }}</ref>