Editing Diaspora (section)

===Middle East===
{{See also|2015 European migrant crisis|Refugees of the Syrian Civil War}}
[[File:Refugees on a boat crossing the Mediterranean sea, heading from Turkish coast to the northeastern Greek island of Lesbos, 29 January 2016.jpg|thumb|Migrants crossing the [[Aegean Sea]] from Turkey to the Greek island of [[Lesbos]] during the [[2015 European migrant crisis]]]]

The [[2015 European migrant crisis]] was a period of significantly increased movement of [[refugee]]s and [[Human migration|migrants]] into Europe, namely from the [[Middle East]]. An estimated 1.3 million people came to the continent to request [[Right of asylum|asylum]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953843642 |title=The migrant crisis: European perspectives and national discourses |date=2017 |editor1-first=Melani |editor1-last=Barlai |editor2-first=Birte |editor2-last=Fähnrich |editor3-first=Christina |editor3-last=Griessler |editor4-first=Markus |editor4-last=Rhomberg |others=Peter Filzmaier (preface) |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-90802-5  |oclc=953843642 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224122545/https://search.worldcat.org/title/953843642 |url-status=live }}</ref> the most in a single year since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dumont|first1=Jean-Christophe|last2=Scarpet|first2=Stefano|date=September 2015|title=Is this humanitarian migration crisis different?|url=https://www.oecd.org/migration/Is-this-refugee-crisis-different.pdf|journal=Migration Policy Debates|publisher=[[OECD]]|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730232111/https://www.oecd.org/migration/Is-this-refugee-crisis-different.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They were mostly [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrians]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayaz |first1=Ameer |last2=Wadood |first2=Abdul |date=Summer 2020 |title=An Analysis of European Union Policy towards Syrian Refugees |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/1-v27_2_2020.pdf |journal=Journal of Political Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–19 |eissn=2308-8338 |id={{ProQuest|2568033477}} |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130010616/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/1-v27_2_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but also included a significant number of people from [[Afghan refugees|Afghanistan]], [[Pakistanis|Pakistan]], [[Refugees of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Nigeria]], [[Eritreans|Eritrea]],<ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2016|title=FACTBOX-How big is Europe's refugee and migrant crisis?|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20161130143409-nr3lz|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] Foundation News|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016204043/https://news.trust.org/item/20161130143409-nr3lz|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Balkan people|Balkans]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Migrant crisis: Explaining the exodus from the Balkans|work=BBC News|date=8 September 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34173252|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309153841/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34173252|url-status=live}}</ref> The increase in asylum seekers has been attributed to factors such as the escalation of various wars in the [[Middle East]] and [[Islamic State|ISIL]]'s territorial and military dominance in the region due to the [[Arab Winter]], as well as Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt ceasing to accept Syrian asylum seekers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaragoza-Cristiani |first=Jonathan |date=2015 |title=Analysing the Causes of the Refugee Crisis and the Key Role of Turkey: Why Now and Why So Many? |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38226/RSCAS_2015_95.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=EUI Working Papers |publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807031505/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38226/RSCAS_2015_95.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The EU attempted to enact some measures to address the problem,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hatton |first=Tim |url=https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/550/pdfs/european-asylum-policy-before-and-after-the-migration-crisis.pdf |title=European asylum policy before and after the migration crisis |publisher=IZA World of Labor |year=2020 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519145138/https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/550/pdfs/european-asylum-policy-before-and-after-the-migration-crisis.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> including distributing refugees among member countries, tackling root causes of emigration in the home countries of migrants, and simplifying deportation processes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nugent |first=Neil |title=The government and politics of the European Union |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-137-45409-6 |edition=8th |pages=1–20 |chapter=Setting the Scene: The ‘Crises’, the Challenges, and Their Implications for the Nature and Operation of the EU}}</ref> However, due to a lack of political coordination at the European level, the distribution of countries was unequal, with some countries taking in many more refugees than others.

The initial responses of national governments varied greatly.<ref name=":1" /> Many [[European Union]] (EU) governments reacted by closing their borders, and most countries refused to take in the arriving refugees. Germany would ultimately accept most of the refugees after the government decided to temporarily suspend its enforcement of the [[Dublin Regulation]]. Germany would receive over 440,000 asylum applications (0.5% of the population). Other countries that took in a significant number of refugees include Hungary (174,000; 1.8%), Sweden (156,000; 1.6%) and Austria (88,000; 1.0%).

The crisis had significant political consequences in Europe. The influx of migrants caused significant demographic and cultural changes in these countries. As a consequence, the public showed anxiety towards the sudden influx of immigrants, often expressing concerns over a perceived danger to European values.<ref name=":11">{{cite book|last1=Bowen|first1=John|title=European states and their Muslim citizens : the impact of institutions on perceptions and boundaries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-03864-6}}</ref> Political polarization increased,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Connor|first=Phillip|date=19 September 2018|title=Europeans support taking in refugees – but not EU's handling of issue|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/19/a-majority-of-europeans-favor-taking-in-refugees-but-most-disapprove-of-eus-handling-of-the-issue/|url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2021|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920043810/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/19/a-majority-of-europeans-favor-taking-in-refugees-but-most-disapprove-of-eus-handling-of-the-issue/ |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> confidence in the European Union fell,<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|last1=Outhwaite|first1=William|date=28 February 2019|editor1-last=Menjívar|editor1-first=Cecilia|editor2-last=Ruiz|editor2-first=Marie|editor3-last=Ness|editor3-first=Immanuel|title=Migration Crisis and "Brexit"|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190856908-e-7|website=The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises|publisher=Oxford Handbooks|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001|isbn=9780190856908|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514004151/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190856908-e-7|url-status=live}}</ref> and many countries tightened their asylum laws. [[Right-wing populist]] parties capitalized on public anxiety and became significantly more popular in many countries. There was an increase in protests regarding immigration and the circulation of the [[white nationalist]] conspiracy theory of the [[Great Replacement]].<ref name=":22">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Thomas Chatterton |title=The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190814185144/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, despite the political consequences, a 2023 study leveraging quantified economic metrics (such as chained GDP and the inflation rate) concluded that the events ultimately resulted in a “low but positive impact” to the German economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solinsky |first=Irish |date=2023-02-03 |title=The 2015 Migrant Crisis: An Impact to Germany? |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/4132/ |journal=Doctoral Dissertations and Projects}}</ref>