Editing Demographics of Hungary (section)

===Historical ethnic groups of Hungary===
[[File:Hungarians_in_subregions.png|right|300px|thumb|Hungarians in Hungary (2001)]]
[[File:1910 census in Hungary.png|thumb|Minorities of Hungary]]
When the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] invaded the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]], it was inhabited by [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of [[Onogurs]] and [[Bulgars]] occupied the valley of the river [[Mureș (river)|Mureș]] at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

'''The Roma minority'''{{Main|Romani people in Hungary}}
The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.<ref>Huping Ling, Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, 2008, p. 111 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EJfrLhHyjM8C&dq=Roma+people+16th+hungary&pg=PA111]</ref> Nowadays, the real number of [[Romani people|Roma]] in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.<ref>[http://www.demos.hu/Audit Stratégiai Audit 2005 - DEMOS Magyarország] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226025641/http://www.demos.hu/Audit |date=2009-02-26 }}. Demos.hu (2009-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos|website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref name="errc">{{cite web|url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2870 |title=Hungary would put the number of Roma in the country at 800,000–1,000,000, or up to 10% of the total population of Hungary. ''European Rights Roma Center'' |publisher=errc.org|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/arts/design/06roma.html The New York City Times]: Roma make up an estimated 8 to 10 percent of Hungary's population</ref><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html The Christian science monitor]: "[...] the Roma, who account for between 8 and 10 percent of Hungary's 10&nbsp;million people."</ref> Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.<ref name="index">{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/gazdasag/magyar/roma060508|title=Index - Gazdaság - Romák a szegénység csapdájában &#124; "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány." |date=9 May 2006 |publisher=index.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.<ref name="index"/>

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:
* Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.<ref name="oszk">{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02034/html/#2&#93; |title=Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék." |publisher=mek.oszk.hu}}</ref>
* Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://index.hu/gazdasag/magyar/roma060508 |title=Index - Romák a szegénység csapdájában |date=9 May 2006 |publisher=mek.oszk.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
* Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
{{Gallery
| File:Population pyramid of Budapest.png
  |Population pyramid of [[Budapest]] (99.2% non-Romany inhabitants), see: [[Demographics of Budapest]]
| File:Population pyramid of Alsószentmárton.png
  |Population pyramid of [[Alsószentmárton]] (100% Romany inhabitants)
}}
'''Kabars'''

Three [[Kabar]] tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.<ref name="Sugar"/> They settled mostly in Bihar county.

'''Böszörménys'''

The Muslim [[Böszörmény]]s migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from [[Volga Bulgaria]] and [[Khwarezm]].

'''Pechenegs'''

Communities of [[Pechenegs]] (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

'''Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)'''

Smaller groups of [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk]] settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.<ref>Alfried Wieczorek, Hans-Martin Hinz, Europe's centre around AD 1000, Volume 1, Theiss, 2000, p.135 [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5XpAAAAMAAJ&q=oghuz]</ref> They were settled mostly in [[Burzenland|Barcaság]]. The city of [[Ózd]] got its name after them.

'''Jassics'''

The [[Jassic people|Jassic]] (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the [[Iazyges]]. [[Béla IV]], king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. [[Jászberény]], [[Jászárokszállás]], [[Jászfényszaru]]) still bear their name.<ref name="nemzetijelkepek">{{cite web|url=http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|title=National and historical symbols of Hungary|publisher=nemzetijelkepek.hu|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-date=2008-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Cumans'''

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 [[Cumans]], a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/mongol-invasions-battle-of-liegnitz.htm Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz], HistoryNet</ref> In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named [[Cumania]] (''[[Kunság]]'' in Hungarian): [[Greater Cumania]] (''Nagykunság'') and [[Little Cumania]] (''Kiskunság''), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the [[modern era]]. According to  Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.<ref name="Berend"/>

'''Romanians'''{{See also|Origin of the Romanians}}
The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to [[Vlachs]] too. Regardless of the subject of [[Romanian people|Romanian]] presence/non-presence in [[Transylvania]] prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher= Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=978-963-9465-12-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spinei |first=Victor |year=2009 |title=The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century |publisher= Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-17536-5}}</ref> while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about ''Olahteluk'' village in [[Bihar County]] from 1283.<ref>György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, Volume 7, typis typogr. Regiae Vniversitatis Vngaricae, 1831 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1HnUAAAAMAAJ&dq=olahteluk&pg=RA1-PA100]</ref><ref name="Tamás Kis" /> The 'land of Romanians', ''Terram Blacorum'' (1222, 1280)<ref name="Tamás Kis">Tamás Kis, Magyar nyelvjárások, Volumes 18-21, Nyelvtudományi Intézet, Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem (University of Kossuth Lajos). Magyar Nyelvtudományi Tanszék, 1972, p. 83 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wGUg0F2FzvgC&q=olah&pg=PA82]</ref><ref>Dennis P. Hupchick, Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995 p. 58 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC&dq=first+appearance+romanians+transylvania&pg=PA58]</ref><ref>István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 28 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8C6P3PYaPmQC&dq=terram+blacorum+1222&pg=PA28]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Heinz Stoob, Die Mittelalterliche Städtebildung im südöstlichen Europa, Böhlau, 1977, p. 204 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAiAAAAMAAJ&q=1222+terram+blacorum]</ref>  showed up in [[Făgăraş|Fogaras]] and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.<ref name="Tamás Kis" /> The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from  a charter (1258).<ref name="Tamás Kis" />

They were a significant population in Transylvania, [[Banat]], [[Maramureș]] and [[Partium]] ([[Crișana]]). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by [[István Kniezsa]], 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,<ref name="Lote"/> and around 1400&nbsp;AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.<ref name="Lote">Louis L. Lote (editor), [http://www.magtudin.org/ONE_LAND_TWO_NATIONS.pdf ONE LAND — TWO NATIONS TRANSYLVANIA AND THE THEORY OF DACO-ROMAN-RUMANIAN CONTINUITY], COMMITTEE OF TRANSYLVANIA INC. (This is a special issue of the CARPATHIAN OBSERVER Volume 8, Number 1. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number; 80-81573), 1980, p. 10</ref> The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the [[Early modern period]],<ref name="Lote"/> and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.<ref name="Lote"/> Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from [[Venice]] to [[Constantinople]], claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians<ref>''"Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler '''romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain''' ... "'' cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444</ref> and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe|author=White, G.W.|date=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780847698097|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC|page=129|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref> Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,<ref>Sedlar, Jean W.: ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''; University of Washington Press,  1994; {{ISBN|0-295-97290-4}}, page 8</ref> however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before [[Battle of Mohács]] and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.<ref>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=%281495-1910%29&pg=PA133]{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Nevertheless, [[Grigore Ureche]] in ''Letopisețul Țării Moldovei'' (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.<ref>''"În ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiescu numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste samă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul, de mai multu-i ţara lăţită de români decât de unguri."'' cited from Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, pp. 133–134</ref>  Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.<ref>A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1948.</ref><ref name="adatbank">{{cite web |url=http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/ |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája |website=Varga.adatbank.transindex.ro |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619062659/http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Erdély rövid története, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1989, 371. o. - The short history of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989 Budapest p. 371.</ref>

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: [[Bedő]], [[Csengerújfalu]], [[Kétegyháza]], [[Körösszakál]], [[Magyarcsanád]], [[Méhkerék]], [[Mezőpeterd]], [[Pusztaottlaka]] and [[Vekerd]].<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census">{{cite web|language=hu|url=https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1881_02/?pg=0&layout=s|title=Hungarian 1881 census}}</ref>
Important communities lived in the villages of [[Battonya]], [[Elek]], [[Körösszegapáti]], [[Létavértes]], [[Nyíradony]], [[Pocsaj]], [[Sarkadkeresztúr]], [[Zsáka]] and in the town of [[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]].<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census"/>

'''Slovaks'''

The [[Slovaks|Slovak]] people lived mainly in [[Upper Hungary]], northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of [[Vojvodina]], [[Banat]] and [[Békés county]] received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as [[Békéscsaba]], where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or [[Nyíregyháza]], where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.<ref name="Hungarian 1881 census"/>  After WWII a major [[Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange|population exchange with Czechoslovakia]] was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary<ref name="gramma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roy.sk/blog/ceske-mesiace-mesiace-po-cesky/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301110413/http://www.gramma.sk/en/hunginslov/history.php|url-status=dead|title=České mesiace - mesiace po česky ❤️ Roy.sk|first=Roy sk &#124; outdoorový|last=obchod ⛰️|archivedate=March 1, 2008|website=roy.sk}}</ref><ref>Bobák, Ján (1996). ''Maďarská otázka v Česko–Slovensku, 1944–1948 [Hungarian Question in Czechoslovakia]'' (in Slovak). Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-354-4.</ref><ref>Zvara, Juraj (1969). ''Maďarská menšina na Slovensku po roku 1945 [Hungarian minority in Slovakia after 1945]'' (in Slovak). Bratislava: Epocha, t. Pravda.</ref> were transferred to [[Slovakia]] &ndash; the exact number depends on source consulted &ndash; were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000<ref>Kaplan, Karel (1987). The short march: the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1948. C.Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-0-905838-96-0.</ref><ref>Šutaj, Štefan (2005). ''Nútené presídlenie Maďarov zo Slovenska do Čiech [Deportation of population of Hungarian nationality out of Slovakia to Bohemia after the World War II]'' (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-89046-29-4.</ref> or 120,000<ref>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin,'' Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 23 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=120%2C500]{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Pertti Ahonen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RS_HJEFzaVsC&dq=120,+000+Hungarian+from+Czechoslovakia&pg=PA83 People on the move: forced population movements in Europe in the Second World War and its aftermath], Berg Publishers, 2008, p. 83</ref> Hungarians.

'''Serbs'''{{See also|Great Migrations of the Serbs}}
From the 14th century, escaping from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] threat, a large number of [[Serbs in Hungary|Serbs]] migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the [[Battle of Mohács]], most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were [[South Slavs]] (the [[Janissary]]). After the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

'''Germans'''

[[Germans of Hungary|Three waves of German]] migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in [[Upper Hungary]] and in Southern [[Transylvania]] ([[Transylvanian Saxons]]), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from Hungarian territory, after the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of [[Bánát]], [[Bács-Bodrog]], [[Baranya County (former)|Baranya]] and [[Tolna (county)|Tolna]] counties (as well as into present-day [[Romania]] and [[Yugoslavia]]), which had been depopulated by the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman wars]]. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as [[Danube Swabians]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feefhs.org/BANAT/BHISTORY.HTML |title=History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary |author=Sue Clarkson |publisher=Feefhs.org |access-date=2009-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103909/http://www.feefhs.org/banat/bhistory.html |archive-date=1997-02-04 }}</ref> In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).<ref>[http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_30_1.html "18. Demographic data" – Hungarian Central Statistical Office] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519001208/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_30_1.html |date=May 19, 2012 }}</ref>

'''Rusyns'''

[[Rusyns]] had lived mostly in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in [[Vojvodina]] from the 18th century.

'''Croats'''

[[Croatia]] was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. [[Croats of Hungary|Croat]] communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

'''Poles'''

The [[Polish people|Poles]] lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

'''Slovenes'''

The [[Hungarian Slovenes|Slovenes]] (''Vendek'' in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (''Slovenska krajina'' in Slovenians) between the [[Mur river|Mura]] and the [[Rába]] rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

'''Jews'''

The first historical document about [[Hungarian Jews|Jews]] of Hungary is [[Khazar Correspondence|the letter written about 960]] to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patai|first1=Raphael|title=The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology|date=1996|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=21|edition=2015}}</ref>

'''Armenians'''{{See also|Armenians in Hungary}}
The first [[Armenians in Hungary|Armenians]] came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

'''Greeks'''

[[Greeks in Hungary|Greeks]] migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,<ref name="CentralEurope">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/central_europe.html |title=Oi ellinikes paroikies tis Kentrikis Evropis |access-date=2007-02-18 |work=Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074726/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/central_europe.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 }}</ref> the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;<ref name="Hungary">{{cite web |url=http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/mayar.html |title=Oi ellinikes paroikies stin Ungaria |access-date=2007-02-18 |work=Greek Migration to Europe (15th-19th c.) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502074707/http://www2.fhw.gr/projects/migration/15-19/gr/v2/mayar.html |archive-date=2007-05-02 }}</ref> they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.<ref name="CentralEurope" /> It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.<ref name="Hungary" /> A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary
after the [[Greek Civil War]], notably in the 'Greek' village of [[Beloiannisz]].

'''Bulgarians'''{{See also|Bulgarians in Hungary}}
The town of [[Szentendre]] and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the [[Middle Ages]]. However, present day [[Bulgarians in Hungary|Bulgarians]] are largely descended from [[gardener]]s who migrated to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] from the 18th century.