Editing David I of Scotland (section)

== Scottish Church ==
{{main|David I and the Scottish Church}}
[[File:David Seal (ob).JPG|thumb|Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the "Continental" fashion as the other-worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice.]]

[[File:Abernethy Tower.jpg|thumb|The [[Irish round tower|round tower]] at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]]. Another such tower exists at [[Brechin Cathedral]]. They are one of the most conspicuous surviving traces of pre-Davidian Scottish church architecture.]]

Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually acknowledges David's role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the [[Archbishop of York]] and the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>Duncan, A.A.M., ''Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom'', Edinburgh, 1975; pp. 257–259</ref>

=== Innovations in the church system ===
It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. [[Aelred of Rievaulx]] wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored and new ones which he erected".<ref>A. O. Anderson, ''Scottish Annals'', p. 233.</ref> Although David moved the bishopric of [[Mortlach, Scotland|Mortlach]] east to [[Old Aberdeen]], and arranged the creation of the [[diocese of Caithness]], no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation.<ref>Oram, ''David'', p. 158; Duncan, ''Making of the Kingdom'', pp. 257–260; see also Gordon Donaldson, "Scottish Bishop's Sees", pp. 106–117.</ref>

The [[Bishop of Glasgow|bishopric of Glasgow]] was restored rather than resurrected.<ref>Shead, "Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", pp. 220–225.</ref> David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain [[John Capellanus]] to the bishopric<ref>Oram, ''David'', p. 62.</ref> and carried out an [[inquest]], afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the [[Bishop of St Andrews]].<ref>To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram, ''David'', pp. 67–68.</ref> David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like [[Bishop of Brechin|Brechin]], [[Bishop of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]], [[Mortlach Parish Church|Mortlach]] ([[Aberdeen]]) and [[Bishop of Dunblane|Dunblane]] to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system.<ref>Barrow, ''Kingship and Unity'', pp. 67–68</ref>

As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained.<ref>Ian B. Cowan wrote that "the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I": Ian B. Cowan, "Development of the Parochial System", p. 44.</ref> Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the [[Early Middle Ages]], and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of [[France]] and [[England]], but he did not create it.<ref>Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. 91–115.</ref>

=== Ecclesiastical disputes ===
One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the [[English Church]]. The problem with the English Church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented [[Robert of Scone]] from being consecrated to the see of [[St Andrews]] (Cenn Ríghmonaidh). Since the 11th century, the bishopric of St Andrews likely functioned as a ''de facto'' archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to [[Giric (bishop of the Scots)|Bishop Giric]]<ref>Dauvit Broun, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", pp. 108–114.</ref> and [[Fothad II|Bishop Fothad II]].<ref>AU 1093.2, [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/text664.html text] [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/text663.html English translation]; see also Alan Orr Anderson, ''Early Sources '', p. 49.</ref>

[[File:St Rules Tower.jpg|left|thumb|220px|The tower of the church of St Riagal ([[Saint Regulus]]), at Cenn Ríghmonaidh, later named ([[St Andrews]]); this existed during David's reign.]]

The problem was that this archepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim the overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, [[Thurstan]]. His easiest target was the [[bishopric of Glasgow]], which being south of the [[river Forth]] was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, [[Pope Honorius II]] wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York.<ref>A. O. Anderson, ''Scottish Annals'', pp. 160–161.</ref> David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the [[Holy See|Apostolic See]] in order to secure a [[pallium]] which would elevate the [[bishopric of St Andrews]] to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow.<ref>Duncan, ''Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom'', p. 259; Oram, ''David'', p. 49.</ref>

Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[William de Corbeil]], and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate [[Robert of Scone]] without making an issue of subordination.<ref>Duncan, ''Making of the Kingdom'', p. 260; John Dowden, ''Bishops of Scotland'', Glasgow ed., J. Maitland Thomson, 1912, pp. 4–5.</ref> York's claim over bishops north of the Forth was in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow.<ref>Duncan, ''Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom'', pp. 60–61.</ref>

In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. [[Cardinal John Paparo]] met David at his residence in Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to [[Ireland]] with four ''pallia'' to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as [[bishopric of Orkney]] and the [[bishopric of the Isles]]. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year, the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros|archbishopric of Trondheim]], a new [[Norway|Norwegian archbishopric]] embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.<ref>Oram, ''David'', p. 155.</ref>