Editing DNA vaccine (section)

=== Helpful tabular comparison ===

{{Unreferenced section | date = October 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2. Summary of plasmid DNA delivery methods
! colspan=2| Method of delivery !! Formulation of DNA !! Target tissue !! Amount of DNA
|-
! rowspan=3 |Parenteral
| Injection (hypodermic needle)
| Aqueous solution in saline
| [[Intramuscular injection|IM]] (skeletal); [[Intradermal injection|ID]]; ([[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intravenous therapy|subcutaneous]] and [[Intraperitoneal injection|intraperitoneal]] with variable success)
| Large amounts (approximately 100-200&nbsp;μg)
|-
| Gene gun
| DNA-coated gold beads
| {{abbr |ED|Epidermal}} (abdominal skin); vaginal mucosa; surgically exposed muscle and other organs
| Small amounts (as little as 16&nbsp;ng)
|-
| Pneumatic (jet) injection
| Aqueous solution
| {{abbr |ED|Epidermal}}
| Very high (as much as 300&nbsp;μg)
|-
| colspan=2| Topical application
| Aqueous solution
| Ocular; intravaginal
| Small amounts (up to 100&nbsp;μg)
|-
| colspan=2| Cytofectin-mediated{{technical inline| date = October 2021}}
| [[Liposomes]] (cationic); microspheres; recombinant adenovirus vectors; attenuated [[Shigella]] vector; aerosolised cationic [[lipid]] formulations
| IM; IV (to transfect tissues systemically); intraperitoneal; oral immunization to the intestinal mucosa; nasal/lung mucosal membranes
| variable
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of commonly used DNA vaccine delivery methods
! width="20%"| Method of delivery
! width="40%"| Advantage
! width="40%"| Disadvantage
|-
| Intramuscular or Intradermal injection
|
* No special delivery mechanism
* Permanent or semi-permanent expression
* pDNA spreads rapidly throughout the body
|
* Inefficient site for uptake due to morphology of muscle tissue
* Relatively large amounts of DNA used
* Th1 response may not be the response required
|-
| Gene gun
|
* DNA bombarded directly into cells
* Small amounts DNA
|
* Th2 response may not be the response required
* Requires inert particles as carrier
|-
| Jet injection
|
* No particles required
* DNA can be delivered to cells mm to cm below skin surface
|
* Significant shearing of DNA after high-pressure expulsion
* 10-fold lower expression, and lower immune response
* Requires large amounts of DNA (up to 300&nbsp;μg)
|-
| Liposome-mediated delivery
|
* High levels of immune response can be generated
* Can increase transfection of intravenously delivered pDNA
* Intravenously delivered liposome-DNA complexes can potentially transfect all tissues
* Intranasally delivered liposome-DNA complexes can result in expression in distal mucosa as well as nasal muscosa and the generation of IgA antibodies
|
* Toxicity
* Ineffectiveness in serum
* Risk of disease or {{Clarify | text = immune reactions | date = October 2021 | reason = What kind of immune reactions would be disadvantageous? }}
|}