Editing Culture of Canada (section)

==Arts==

===Visual arts===
{{Main|Canadian art}}
[[File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Tom Thomson]], ''[[The Jack Pine]]'', Winter 1916–17. [[National Gallery of Canada]], [[Ottawa]].]]
Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state.<ref name="Phillips2011">{{cite book|first=Ruth B.|last=Phillips|title=Museum Pieces: Toward the Indigenization of Canadian Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvCphIkc_cMC&pg=PA267|year=2011|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3905-1|page=267}}</ref> Like the peoples that produced them, [[Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous art traditions]] spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States.<ref name="FriesenFriesen2006">{{cite book|first1=John W.|last1=Friesen|first2=Virginia Agnes Lyons|last2=Friesen|title=Canadian Aboriginal Art and Spirituality: A Vital Link |year=2006|publisher=Detselig Enterprises |location=Calgary, AB |pages=xxi – Intro |isbn=9781550593044 |oclc=62129850}}</ref> The majority of indigenous artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads.<ref name="Harper1977">{{cite book|author=J. Russell Harper|title=Painting in Canada: a history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxss7eeWAeYC&pg=PA57|year= 1977|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6307-6|page=57}}</ref> Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory, muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by the [[Inuit art]]ists.<ref name="Förg1999">{{cite book|first=Nicola|last=Förg|title=Canada: Pacific coast, the Rockies, Prairie Provinces, and the Territories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4rALXEjXcAC&pg=PA233|year= 1999|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-3-88618-368-5|page=233}}</ref> These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life, myths and legends of the Inuit.<ref name="Leigh2010">{{cite book|author=Patricia Randolph Leigh|title=International Exploration of Technology Equity and the Digital Divide: Critical, Historical and Social Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8LynUs6KDAC&pg=PA93|year= 2010|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=978-1-61520-793-0|page=93}}</ref> Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.<ref name="Stern2010">{{cite book|first=Pamela R.|last=Stern|title=Daily life of the Inuit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151|year= 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36311-5|page=151}}</ref>

The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|title=The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC&pg=PA147|year= 2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4488-4797-6|page=147}}</ref> During the mid-19th century, [[Cornelius Krieghoff]], a Dutch-born artist in Quebec, painted scenes of the life of the ''[[habitants]]'' (French-Canadian farmers). At about the same time, the Canadian artist [[Paul Kane]] painted pictures of indigenous life in western Canada. A group of landscape painters called the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting, inspired by the works of the legendary landscape painter Tom Thomson.<ref name="Jessup2001">{{cite book|first=Lynda|last=Jessup|title=Antimodernism and artistic experience: policing the boundaries of modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81bt2ujVwnwC&pg=PA146|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8354-8|page=146}}</ref> All these artists painted large, brilliantly coloured scenes of the Canadian wilderness.

Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. [[Emily Carr]] became famous for her paintings of [[totem pole]]s in British Columbia.<ref name="MacDonald2009">{{cite book|first=Cheryl|last=MacDonald|title=Celebrated Pets: Endearing Tales of Companionship and Loyalty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG9ioqNnu3cC&pg=PA57|year= 2009|publisher=Heritage House Publishing Co|isbn=978-1-894974-81-3|pages=57–}}</ref> Other noted painters have included the landscape artist [[David Milne (artist)|David Milne]], the [[painter]]s [[Jean-Paul Riopelle]], [[Harold Town]] and [[Charles Carson (painter)|Charles Carson]] and multi-media artist [[Michael Snow]]. The abstract art group [[Painters Eleven]], particularly the artists [[William Ronald]] and [[Jack Bush]], also had an important impact on modern art in Canada.<ref name="Nowell2011">{{cite book|first=Iris|last=Nowell|title=Painters Eleven: The Wild Ones of Canadian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgvrHdQ_iXEC&pg=PP33|year= 2011|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-590-9|page=33}}</ref> Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals featuring Canadian art, as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country.<ref name="Corse1997">{{cite book|first=Sarah M.|last=Corse|title=Nationalism and literature: the politics of culture in Canada and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH0Ru6Al66sC&pg=PA60|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57912-4|page=60}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|Canadian literature}}
[[File:Atwood123.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Margaret Atwood]] is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, inventor, teacher, and environmental activist.]]
[[Canadian literature]] is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.<ref name="Keith2006">{{cite book|author=W. J. Keith|title=Canadian literature in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGawhTGpGK0C&pg=PA19|year= 2006|publisher=The Porcupine's Quill|isbn=978-0-88984-283-0|page=19}}</ref> Canada's early literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada's position in the world, for example the poetry of [[Bliss Carman]] or the memoirs of [[Susanna Moodie]] and [[Catherine Parr Traill]]. These themes, and Canada's literary history, inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors, from [[Leonard Cohen]] to [[Margaret Atwood]].

By the mid-20th century, Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers. Authors were trying to find a distinctly Canadian voice, rather than merely emulating British or American writers. Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature. The question of national identity recurs as a theme in much of Canada's literature, from [[Hugh MacLennan]]'s ''[[Two Solitudes (novel)|Two Solitudes]]'' (1945) to [[Alistair MacLeod]]'s ''[[No Great Mischief]]'' (1999). Canadian literature is often categorized by [[List of regions of Canada|region or province]]; by the socio-cultural origins of the author (for example, [[Acadians]], indigenous peoples, LGBT, and [[Irish Canadian]]s); and by literary period, such as "Canadian postmoderns" or "Canadian Poets Between the Wars".

Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robertfulford.com/CanadianNovelists.html |title=Robert Fulford's column about the international success of Canadian literature |publisher=Robertfulford.com |date=June 6, 2001 |access-date=February 25, 2011 |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301052028/http://www.robertfulford.com/CanadianNovelists.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1992, [[Michael Ondaatje]] became the first Canadian to win the [[Booker Prize]] for ''[[The English Patient]]''.<ref name="BrackettGaydosik2006">{{cite book|first1=Mary Virginia|last1=Brackett|first2=Victoria|last2=Gaydosik|title=The Facts on File Companion to the British Novel: Beginnings through the 19th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkiNBQXP65EC&pg=RA1-PA323|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5133-5|page=323}}</ref> [[Margaret Atwood]] won the Booker in 2000 for ''[[The Blind Assassin]]''<ref name="HengenThomson2007">{{cite book|first1=Shannon Eileen|last1=Hengen|first2=Ashley|last2=Thomson|title=Margaret Atwood: a reference guide, 1988–2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf1SSS2jIpMC&pg=PA272|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5904-3|page=272}}</ref> and [[Yann Martel]] won it in 2002 for the ''[[Life of Pi]]''.<ref name="Martel2010">{{cite book|first=Yann|last=Martel|title=Beatrice and Virgil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzSzJP3qLwsC&pg=PA212|year= 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8129-8197-1|page=212}}</ref> [[Carol Shields]]'s ''[[The Stone Diaries]]''  won the [[Governor General's Awards]] in Canada in 1993, the 1995 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]], and the 1994 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]].<ref name="Werlock2001">{{cite book|author=Abby H. P. Werlock|title=Carol Shields's The stone diaries: a reader's guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xuhmom0ZJoC&pg=PA69|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5249-8|page=69}}</ref> In 2013, [[Alice Munro]] was the first Canadian to be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] for [[List of short stories by Alice Munro|her work]] as "master of the modern short story".<ref name="nobelprize.org">{{cite press release |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2013/press.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012073434/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2013/press.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-12 |url-status=live |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 |year=2013 |access-date= October 10, 2013}}</ref> Munro is also a recipient of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work, and three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for fiction.<ref name="GaunceMayr2012">{{cite book|first1=Julia|last1=Gaunce|first2=Suzette|last2=Mayr|first3=Don |last3=LePan |first4=Marjorie |last4=Mather |first5=Bryanne|last5=Miller|title=The Broadview Anthology of Short Fiction, second edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE6-gRWo16sC&pg=PA236|date=July 25, 2012|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-55481-076-5|page=236}}</ref>

===Theatre===
{{Main|Theatre of Canada}}
Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s.<ref name="Osnes2001">{{cite book|first=Beth|last=Osnes|title=Acting: an International encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&pg=PA57|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-795-9|page=57}}</ref> Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months, especially the [[Stratford Shakespeare Festival]] in [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]], Ontario, and the [[Shaw Festival]] in [[Niagara-on-the-Lake]], Ontario. The [[Famous People Players]] are only one of many touring companies that have also developed an international reputation.<ref name="Pang2004">{{cite book|author=Guek Cheng Pang|title=Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn9vIqeR17YC&pg=PA102|year= 2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1788-0|pages=102–}}</ref> Canada also hosts one of the largest [[Fringe theatre|fringe festival]]s, the [[Edmonton International Fringe Festival]].<ref name="Pang2004b">{{cite book|author=Guek Cheng Pang|title=Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn9vIqeR17YC&pg=PA121|year= 2004|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1788-0|pages=121–}}</ref>
[[File:Grand Opera House and Majestic Theatre, Adelaide Street, Toronto, Canada.JPG|thumb|A 1904 postcard showing the [[Grand Opera House (Toronto)|Grand Opera House]] and Majestic Theatre, Adelaide Street, in the current [[Toronto Theatre District]]]]

[[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|Canada's largest cities]] host a variety of modern and historical venues. The [[Toronto Theatre District]] is Canada's largest, as well as being the third largest English-speaking theatre district in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Angelini|first=Paul Ubaldo|title=Our Society: Human Diversity in Canada|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780176503543|page=34}}</ref> In addition to original Canadian works, shows from the West End and Broadway frequently tour in Toronto. Toronto's Theatre District includes the venerable [[Roy Thomson Hall]]; the [[Princess of Wales Theatre]]; the [[Tim Sims Playhouse]]; [[The Second City]]; the [[Canon Theatre]]; the [[Panasonic Theatre]]; the [[Royal Alexandra Theatre]]; historic [[Massey Hall]]; and the city's new opera house, the [[Sony Centre for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.showmetoronto.com/toronto_tour_theatre_district.htm |title=Toronto Theatre District |publisher=Showmetoronto.com |access-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-date=December 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224062402/http://www.showmetoronto.com/toronto_tour_theatre_district.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Toronto's Theatre District also includes the [[Theatre Museum Canada]].

[[Montreal]]'s theatre district ("[[Quartier des Spectacles]]") is the scene of performances that are mainly French-language, although the city also boasts a lively anglophone theatre scene, such as the [[Centaur Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quartierdesspectacles.com/en/discover/ |title=Discover |publisher=Quartier des spectacles |access-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129075140/http://www.quartierdesspectacles.com/en/discover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Large French theatres in the city include [[Théâtre Saint-Denis]] and [[Théâtre du Nouveau Monde]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/guide-to-theatres-montreal|title=Handy guide to Montréal's theatres|last=Juilliard|first=Laure|newspaper=Tourisme Montréal|date=July 26, 2017|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121414/https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/guide-to-theatres-montreal|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vancouver]] is host to, among others, the [[Vancouver Fringe Festival]], the [[Arts Club Theatre Company]], [[Carousel Theatre]], [[Bard on the Beach]], [[Theatre Under the Stars (Vancouver)|Theatre Under the Stars]] and [[Studio 58]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theatrebc.org/theatre-links/ |title=Theatre Links |publisher=Theatre BC |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-date=March 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323085331/http://theatrebc.org/theatre-links/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Calgary]] is home to [[Theatre Calgary]], a mainstream regional theatre; [[Alberta Theatre Projects]], a major centre for new play development in Canada; the [[Calgary Animated Objects Society]]; and [[One Yellow Rabbit]], a touring company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgaryartsdevelopment.com/files/OperatingGrantRecipients2011_0.pdf|year=2011|publisher=Calgary Arts Development (CADA)|title=2011 Operating Grant Recipients|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315033826/http://www.calgaryartsdevelopment.com/files/OperatingGrantRecipients2011_0.pdf|archive-date=March 15, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are three major theatre venues in [[Ottawa]]; the [[Ottawa Little Theatre]], originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite book|first=James |last=Hale|title=Frommer's Ottawa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT60|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=60|isbn=978-0-470-68158-9}}</ref> Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the [[National Arts Centre]], a major performing-arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the [[National Arts Centre Orchestra]], the [[Ottawa Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Opera Lyra Ottawa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |title=NAC History &#124; National Arts Centre |publisher=Nac-cna.ca |date=March 17, 1970 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621090354/http://nac-cna.ca/en/about/nachistory/index.cfm |archive-date=June 21, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Established in 1975, the [[Great Canadian Theatre Company]] specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |title=Great Canadian Theatre Company |publisher=Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia |date=January 13, 2011 |access-date=September 1, 2011 |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044118/http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Great%20Canadian%20Theatre%20Company |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Television===
{{main|Television in Canada}}
[[File:CBC Centre.JPG|thumb|CBC's English-language master control point, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Centre]], in [[Toronto]]]]
Canadian television, especially supported by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]],<ref name="Petersen2002">{{cite book|first=Julie K.|last=Petersen|title=The telecommunications illustrated dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2mMzS0hCkAC&pg=PA152|year= 2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-1173-4|page=152}}</ref> is the home of a variety of locally produced shows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions.<ref name="JamesKasoff2008">{{cite book|first1=Patrick|last1=James|first2=Mark J.|last2=Kasoff|title=Canadian Studies in the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_LHcv89nW4C&pg=PA157|year= 2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9468-1|page=157}}</ref> The success of French-language domestic television in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. In recent years nationalism has been used to prompt products on television. The  ''[[I Am Canadian]]'' campaign by [[Molson]] beer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused [[Beer in Canada|domestically brewed beer]] and nationalism.<ref name="Igartua2006">{{cite book|author=José Eduardo Igartua|title=The other quiet revolution: national identities in English Canada, 1945–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rrwTFRLmd4C&pg=PA229|year=2006|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1088-3|page=229}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/i-am-canadian-by-molson|title=I. AM. CANADIAN! by Molson – CBC Archives|website=cbc.ca|access-date=March 19, 2019|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820094900/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/i-am-canadian-by-molson|url-status=live}}</ref>

Canada's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions.<ref name="MoscoSchiller2001">{{cite book|first1=Vincent|last1=Mosco|first2=Dan|last2=Schiller|title=Continental order?: integrating North America for cybercapitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxay5BZnNDIC&pg=PA208|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0954-2|page=208}}</ref> Since the 1980s, Canada, and Vancouver in particular, has become known as [[Hollywood North]].<ref name="Punter2003">{{cite book|first=John|last=Punter|title=The Vancouver achievement: urban planning and design|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iTN8z4otp4C&pg=PA4|year=2003|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0971-9|page=4}}</ref> The American TV series ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' was filmed in Toronto. Canadian producers have been very successful in the field of [[Canadian science fiction television|science fiction]] since the mid-1990s, with such shows as ''[[The X-Files]]'', ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'', the [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|new ''Battlestar Galactica'']], ''[[My Babysitter's a Vampire (TV series)|My Babysitter's a Vampire]]'', ''[[Smallville]]'', and ''[[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'' all filmed in Vancouver.<ref name="Resnick2007">{{cite book|first=Mike|last=Resnick|title=Nebula Awards Showcase 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izy_9MLeldsC&pg=PT111|year= 2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-2261-8|page=111}}</ref>

The CRTC's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster's transmission time must include content that is produced by Canadians, or covers Canadian subjects.<ref name="BlumlerNossiter1991">{{cite book|first1=Jay G.|last1=Blumler|author2=T. J. Nossiter|title=Broadcasting Finance in Transition: A Comparative Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1g2c7pgNYxsC&pg=PA32|year= 1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505089-9|page=32}}</ref> These regulations also apply to [[Cable television in the United States|US cable television]] channels such as [[MTV Canada|MTV]] and the [[Discovery Channel (Canada)|Discovery Channel]], which have local versions of their channels available on [[Multichannel television in Canada|Canadian cable networks]]. Similarly, [[BBC Canada]], while showing primarily [[BBC]] shows from the United Kingdom, also carries Canadian output.

===Film===
{{Main|Cinema of Canada|Cinema of Quebec}}

A number of [[Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood]] significantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the early days of the 20th century.<ref name="Rasmussen2011">{{cite book|first=Dana|last=Rasmussen|title=Canada's Influence on the Film Industry: Canada's Pioneers in Early Hollywood|year=2011|publisher=BiblioBazaar|pages=iix (intro)}}</ref> Over the years, many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainment industry, although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians.<ref name="Foster2000">{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Foster|title=Stardust and shadows: Canadians in early Hollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOw9GvrYvqIC&pg=PA27|year=2000|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-348-0|pages=27–34}}</ref>

[[File:Stanford Theatre at 482 Queen Street.jpg|thumb|[[Standard Theatre (Toronto)|Standard Theatre]], 482 Queen Street West, Toronto, 1906]]

Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films and [[List of Canadian actors|actors]].<ref name="Kindem2000">{{cite book|author=Gorham Anders Kindem|title=The international movie industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg-1VxIZKAwC&pg=PA304|year=2000|publisher=SIU Press (reprint)|isbn=978-0-8093-2299-2|pages=304–307}}</ref> In fact, this eclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works,<ref name="Kindem2000"/> such as auteurs [[Atom Egoyan]] (''[[The Sweet Hereafter (film)|The Sweet Hereafter]]'', 1997) and [[David Cronenberg]] (''[[The Fly (1986 film)|The Fly]]'', ''[[Naked Lunch (film)|Naked Lunch]]'', ''[[A History of Violence (film)|A History of Violence]]'') and the ''[[avant-garde]]'' work of [[Michael Snow]] and [[Jack Chambers (artist)|Jack Chambers]]. Also, the distinct French-Canadian society permits the work of directors such as [[Denys Arcand]] and [[Denis Villeneuve]], while First Nations cinema includes the likes of ''[[Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner]]''. At the [[76th Academy Awards]], Arcand's ''[[The Barbarian Invasions]]'' became Canada's first film to win the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref name="Fraser2007">{{cite book|first=Graham|last=Fraser|title=Sorry, I Don't Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis That Won't Go Away|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU4YzO9MFqkC&pg=PA227|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7710-4767-1|page=227}}</ref>

The [[National Film Board of Canada]] is a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflect Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world'.<ref name="FerlieLynn2007">{{cite book|first1=Ewan|last1=Ferlie|first2=Laurence E.|last2=Lynn|first3=Christopher|last3=Pollitt|title=The Oxford handbook of public management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cop4ff5LDRUC&pg=PA457|year= 2007|publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online|isbn=978-0-19-922644-3|page=457}}</ref> Canada has produced many popular documentaries such as ''[[The Corporation (2003 film)|The Corporation]]'', ''[[Nanook of the North]]'', ''[[Final Offer]]'', and ''[[Canada: A People's History]]''. The [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (TIFF) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Western cinema. It is the première film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiff.net/default.aspx |title=Toronto International Film Festival |publisher=Tiff.net |access-date=February 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203164603/http://www.tiff.net/default.aspx |archive-date=February 3, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Music===
<!--Please do not add examples here. Anything like a representative list is too long to include here. You can list your favourite musicians at [[List of Canadian musicians]]-->
{{Main|Music of Canada}}
[[File:Ojazzfest.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Ottawa Jazz Festival]] inside [[Rideau Centre]], 2008]]
The [[music of Canada]] has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous, the French, and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada. The country has produced its own [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] since the mid-1600s.<ref name="Willy" >Music in Canada 1600–1800. by Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont. : Habitex Books, 1975. 320 p.({{ISBN|0-88912-020-X}})</ref><ref name="Mich" >La Musique au Québec 1600–1875. by Michelle Pharand. Montreal: Les Éditions de l'Homme (1976) ({{ISBN|0-7759-0517-8}})</ref> From the 17th century onward, Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes [[church hall]]s; [[Chamber music|chamber hall]]s; [[College or university school of music|conservatories]]; [[Academy|academies]]; [[performing arts centre]]s; [[Record label|record companies]]; [[Radio broadcasting|radio stations]], and television music-video channels.<ref name="Gar" >{{cite book|first=Carl|last=Morey|title=Music in Canada: a research and information guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZQch8ieRtsC&pg=PP1|year=1997|publisher=Garland Pub.|isbn=978-0-8153-1603-9|pages=??}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |title=The history of broadcasting in Canada |work=The Canadian Communications Foundation |access-date=September 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132436/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries.<ref>Profiles of Canada. edited by Kenneth G. Pryke, Walter C. Soderlund. Boulder, Colo. : NetLibrary, 2000.({{ISBN|0-585-27925-X}})</ref><ref name="Historica" >{{cite web |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc/ |title=History of Canada in music |work=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002071449/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-canada-in-music-emc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Scholars" >Canadian Music: Issues of Hegemony & Identity, eds Beveley Diamond & Robert Witmer. Canadian Scholars Press, 1994.</ref> [[Canadian rock]] has had a considerable impact on the development of modern [[popular music]] and the development of the most popular [[Canadian music genres|subgenres]].<ref name="NicksSloniowski2002">{{cite book|first1=Joan|last1=Nicks|first2=Jeannette|last2=Sloniowski|title=Slippery pastimes: reading the popular in Canadian culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skTVwTzT27cC&pg=PA219|year=2002|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-388-4|page=219}}</ref>

[[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the [[Constitution Act, 1867|first legal steps to independence]] by over 50 years. The earliest known song, "[[The Bold Canadian]]", was written in 1812.<ref name="Jortner2011">{{cite book|first=Adam|last=Jortner|title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|year= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976529-4|page=217}}</ref> The national anthem of Canada, "[[O Canada]]" adopted in 1980,<ref name="anthem-fr">{{cite web
  |title=Hymne national du Canada
  |work=Canadian Heritage
  |publisher=Government of Canada
  |date=June 23, 2008
  |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
  |access-date=June 26, 2008
  |archive-date=January 29, 2009
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref> was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada/ |title=O Canada |publisher=Historica-Dominion |access-date=October 28, 2009 |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804030853/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French, before English lyrics were written in 1906.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Hymne national du Canada
 |publisher=Canadian Heritage
 |date=June 23, 2008
 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
 |access-date=June 26, 2008
 |archive-date=January 29, 2009
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which were first awarded in a ceremony during the summer of 1970.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127|page=127|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan |last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0}}</ref>