Editing Crohn's disease (section)

====Respiratory====

[[Larynx|Laryngeal]] involvement in inflammatory bowel disease is extremely rare. Only 12 cases of laryngeal involvement in Crohn's disease have been reported {{as of|2019|lc=y}}. Moreover, only one case of laryngeal manifestations in ulcerative colitis has been reported as of the same date.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loos E, Lemkens P, Poorten VV, Humblet E, Laureyns G | title = Laryngeal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease | journal = Journal of Voice | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–6 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 29605161 | doi = 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.09.021 | s2cid = 4565046 }}</ref> Nine people complained of difficulty in breathing due to [[edema]] and [[ulcer]]ation from the [[larynx]] to the [[hypopharynx]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hasegawa N, Ishimoto S, Takazoe M, Tsunoda K, Fujimaki Y, Shiraishi A, Kinoshita M, Okada K | title = Recurrent hoarseness due to inflammatory vocal fold lesions in a patient with Crohn's disease | journal = The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology | volume = 118 | issue = 7 | pages = 532–535 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19708494 | doi = 10.1177/000348940911800713 | s2cid = 8472904 }}</ref> Hoarseness, sore throat, and [[odynophagia]] are other symptoms of laryngeal involvement of Crohn's disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li CJ, Aronowitz P | title = Sore throat, odynophagia, hoarseness, and a muffled, high-pitched voice | journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 144–145 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23456463 | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.80a.12056 | s2cid = 31002546 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

Considering extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, those involving the [[lung]] are relatively rare. However, there is a wide array of lung manifestations, ranging from subclinical alterations, airway diseases and lung [[parenchyma]]l diseases to [[Pleural cavity|pleural]] diseases and drug-related diseases. The most frequent manifestation is bronchial inflammation and [[Pus|suppuration]] with or without bronchiectasis. There are a number of mechanisms by which the lungs may become involved in Crohn's disease. These include the same embryological origin of the lung and gastrointestinal tract by ancestral intestine, similar immune systems in the pulmonary and intestinal mucosa, the presence of circulating immune complexes and auto-antibodies, and the adverse pulmonary effects of some drugs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu DG, Ji XQ, Liu X, Li HJ, Zhang CQ | title = Pulmonary manifestations of Crohn's disease | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–141 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24415866 | pmc = 3886002 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.133 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> A complete list of known pulmonary manifestations include: fibrosing alveolitis, pulmonary [[vasculitis]], apical [[fibrosis]], [[bronchiectasis]], [[bronchitis]], [[bronchiolitis]], [[Laryngotracheal stenosis|tracheal stenosis]], [[granuloma]]tous lung disease, and abnormal pulmonary function.<ref name="Manifestations" />