Editing Crime (section)

== Types ==

=== White-collar crime ===
{{Main article|White-collar crime}}
White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White-Collar Crime - FBI |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/white_collar |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=fbi.gov}}</ref> The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains. Typical white-collar crimes could include [[wage theft]], [[fraud]], [[bribery]], [[Ponzi scheme|Ponzi schemes]], [[insider trading]], [[Racketeering|labor racketeering]], [[embezzlement]], [[cybercrime]], [[copyright infringement]], [[money laundering]], [[identity theft]], and [[forgery]].

=== Blue-collar crime ===
{{Main article|Blue-collar crime}}
Blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower [[social class]] as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by someone of a higher-level social class. These crimes are primarily small scale, for immediate beneficial gain to the individual or group involved in them. Examples of blue-collar crime include Narcotic production or distribution, [[sexual assault]], [[theft]], [[burglary]], [[assault]] or [[murder]].

=== Violent crime ===
{{Main|Violent crime|Offence against the person}}
Violent crime is crime that involves an act of violent [[aggression]] against another person.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Felson |first=Richard B. |date=2009-05-01 |title=Violence, Crime, and Violent Crime |url=https://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/2791 |journal=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |volume=3 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=23–39 Pages |doi=10.4119/IJCV-2791}}</ref> Common examples of violent crime include [[homicide]], [[assault]], [[sexual assault]], and [[robbery]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connealy |first=Nathan T. |date=2020 |title=Can we Trust Crime Predictors and Crime Categories? Expansions on the Potential Problem of Generalization |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12061-019-09323-5 |journal=Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=669–692 |doi=10.1007/s12061-019-09323-5 |bibcode=2020ApSAP..13..669C |s2cid=210251609 |issn=1874-463X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2008-07/apo-nid8593.pdf |title=Trends in violent crime |last=Bricknell |first=Samantha |date=2008 |publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology |issue=359}}</ref> Some violent crimes, such as assault, may be committed with the intention of causing harm. Other violent crimes, such as robbery, may use violence to further another goal. Violent crime is distinct from noncriminal types of violence, such as [[self-defense]], [[use of force]], and [[acts of war]]. Acts of violence are most often perceived as deviant when they are committed as an overreaction or a disproportionate response to provocation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Property crime ===
{{Main|Property crime}}
Common examples of property crime include [[burglary]], [[theft]], and [[vandalism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tseloni |first=A. |date=2002-01-01 |title=Modelling Property Crime Using the British Crime Survey. What Have We Learnt? |url=https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/bjc/42.1.109 |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1093/bjc/42.1.109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van den Bogaard |first1=Joop |last2=Wiegman |first2=Oene |date=1991 |title=Property Crime Victimization: The Effectiveness of Police Services for Victims of Residential Burglary |journal=Journal of Social Behavior and Personality |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=329–362}}</ref>

Examples of financial crimes include [[counterfeiting]], [[smuggling]], [[tax evasion]], and [[bribery]]. The scope of financial crimes has expanded significantly since the beginning of modern economics in the 17th century.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=13}} In [[occupational crime]], the complexity and anonymity of computer systems may help criminal employees camouflage their operations. The victims of the most costly [[confidence trick|scams]] include banks, brokerage houses, insurance companies, and other large financial institutions.<ref name="Computing1">Sara Baase, ''A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing and The Internet''. Third Ed. "Employee Crime" (2008)</ref>

=== Public order crime ===
{{Main|Public-order crime}}
Public order crime is crime that violates a society's norms about what constitutes socially acceptable behavior. Examples of public order crimes include [[gambling]], [[drug-related crime]], [[public intoxication]], [[prostitution]], [[loitering]], [[breach of the peace]], [[Aggressive panhandling|panhandling]], [[vagrancy]], [[street harassment]], [[Noise regulation|excessive noise]], and [[littering]].{{Sfn|Skogan|2012|pp=173–174}} Public order crime is associated with the [[broken windows theory]], which posits that public order crimes increase the likelihood of other types of crime.{{Sfn|Skogan|2012|p=173}} Some public order crimes are considered [[Victimless crime|victimless crimes]] in which no specific victim can be identified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wertheimer |first=Alan |date=1977 |title=Victimless Crimes |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/292044 |journal=Ethics |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=302–318 |doi=10.1086/292044 |s2cid=222817127 |issn=0014-1704}}</ref> Most nations in the [[Western world]] have moved toward decriminalization of victimless crimes in the modern era.{{Sfn|Tonry|2011|p=3}}

[[Adultery]], [[fornication]], [[blasphemy]], [[apostasy]], and [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|invoking the name of God]] are commonly recognized as crimes in [[theocratic]] societies or those heavily influenced by religion.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=11}}

=== Political crime ===
{{Main|Political crime}}
Political crime is crime that directly challenges or threatens the state. Examples of political crimes include [[subversion]], [[rebellion]], [[treason]], [[mutiny]], [[espionage]], [[sedition]], [[terrorism]], [[riot]], and [[unlawful assembly]]. Political crimes are associated with the [[political agenda]] of a given state, and they are necessarily applied against political [[Dissident|dissidents]].{{Sfn|Head|2016|p=1}} Due to their unique relation to the state, political crimes are often encouraged by one nation against another, and it is political alignment rather than the act itself that determines criminality.{{Sfn|Hoefnagels|1973|p=111}}{{Sfn|Head|2016|p=2}} [[State crime]] that is carried out by the state to [[Political repression|repress]] law-abiding citizens may also be considered political crime.{{Sfn|Ross|2003|pp=3–4}}

=== Inchoate crime ===
{{Main|Inchoate offense}}
Inchoate crime is crime that is carried out in anticipation of other illegal actions but does not cause direct harm. Examples of inchoate crimes include [[attempt]] and [[conspiracy]]. Inchoate crimes are defined by substantial action to facilitate a crime with the intention of the crime's occurrence. This is distinct from simple preparation for or consideration of criminal activity. They are unique in that [[renunciation]] of criminal intention is generally enough to absolve the perpetrator of criminal liability, as their actions are no longer facilitating a potential future crime.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Michael T. |date=2011–2012 |title=Defining Inchoate Crime: An Incomplete Attempt |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/osjcl9&id=755&div=&collection= |journal=Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law |volume=9 |pages=751}}</ref>