Editing Cost accounting (section)

==Marginal costing==
{{see also|Cost–volume–profit analysis|Marginal cost}}

The cost-volume-profit analysis is the systematic examination of the relationship between selling prices, sales, production volumes, costs, expenses and profits. This analysis provides very useful information for decision-making in the management of a company. For example, the analysis can be used in establishing sales prices, in the product mix selection to sell, in the decision to choose marketing strategies, and in the analysis of the impact on profits by changes in costs. In the current environment of business, a business administration must act and take decisions in a fast and accurate manner. As a result, the importance of cost-volume-profit is still increasing as time passes.

''CONTRIBUTION MARGIN''

A relationship between the cost, volume and profit is the contribution margin. The contribution margin is the revenue excess from sales over variable costs. The concept of contribution margin is particularly useful in the planning of business because it gives an insight into the potential profits that a business can generate. The following chart shows the income statement of a company X, which has been prepared to show its contribution margin:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sales || $1,000,000
|-
| (-) Variable Costs || $600,000
|-
| Contribution Margin || $400,000
|-
| (-) Fixed Costs || $300,000
|-
| Income from Operations || $100,000
|}

''CONTRIBUTION MARGIN RATIO''

The contribution margin can also be expressed as a percentage. The contribution margin ratio, which is sometimes called the profit-volume ratio, indicates the percentage of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and to provide operating revenue. For the company Fusion, Inc. the contribution margin ratio is 40%, which is computed as follows:

:<math>\text{Contribution Margin Ratio} = (\text{Sales - Variable Costs}) / \text{Sales}</math>

The contribution margin ratio measures the effect on operating income of an increase or a decrease in sales volume. For example, assume that the management of Fusion, Inc. is studying the effect of adding $80,000 in sales orders. Multiplying the contribution margin ratio (40%) by the change in sales volume ($80,000) indicates that operating income will increase $32,000 if additional orders are obtained. To validate this analysis the table below shows the income statement of the company including additional orders:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Sales || $1,080,000
|-
| (-) Variable Costs || $648,000 (1,080,000 x 60%)
|-
| Contribution Margin || $432,000 (1,080,000 x 40%)
|-
| (-) Fixed Costs || $300,000
|-
| Income from Operations || $132,000
|}

Variable costs as a percentage of sales are equal to 100% minus the contribution margin ratio. Thus, in the above income statement, the variable costs are 60% (100% - 40%) of sales, or $648,000 ($1,080,000 X 60%). The total contribution margin $432,000, can also be computed directly by multiplying the sales by the contribution margin ratio ($1,080,000 X 40%).