Editing Commonwealth of the Philippines (section)

=== Quezon administration (1935–1944) ===
In 1935 Quezon won the Philippines' [[1935 Philippine general election|first national presidential election]] under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop [[Gregorio Aglipay]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/784095/did-you-know-1st-national-elections-in-ph-held-on-sept-16-1935 |title=Did you know: 1st national elections in PH held on Sept. 16, 1935 |last=INQUIRER.net |website=newsinfo.inquirer.net |date=May 9, 2016 |language=en |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102709/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/784095/did-you-know-1st-national-elections-in-ph-held-on-sept-16-1935 |url-status=live}}</ref> Quezon was inaugurated on November 15, 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/11/15/inaugural-address-of-president-quezon-november-15-1935/ |title=Inaugural Address of President Manuel L. Quezon, November 15, 1935 {{!}} GOVPH |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101231/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/11/15/inaugural-address-of-president-quezon-november-15-1935/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He is recognized as the second [[President of the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/commonwealth/manuel-quezon/ |title=Manuel L. Quezon {{!}} Presidential Museum and Library |language=en-US |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026042339/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/commonwealth/manuel-quezon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When [[Manuel L. Quezon]] was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the [[Malolos Republic]] in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of [[Oriental Mindoro]] filed a bill seeking instead to declare General [[Miguel Malvar]] as the second Philippine President, who took control over all Filipino forces after American soldiers captured President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20150918/281685433635895 |title=My Lolo Miguel, the hero |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo |date=September 18, 2015 |website=Manila Bulletin |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101424/https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20150918/281685433635895 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/12/06/16/opinion-the-vice-presidency-a-briefer |title=OPINION: The vice-presidency: a briefer |last=III |first=Manuel L. Quezon |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102014/https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/12/06/16/opinion-the-vice-presidency-a-briefer |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1941 Philippine general election|1941 presidential elections]], Quezon was re-elected over former Senator [[Juan Sumulong]] with nearly 82% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/09/02/mlqs-colorful-language |title=MLQ's colorful language |website=Manila Bulletin News |language=en-US |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327115048/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/09/02/mlqs-colorful-language/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. [[High Commissioner of the Philippines|High Commissioner]] [[Paul V. McNutt]], facilitated the entry into the Philippines of [[Jewish refugees]] fleeing [[fascist]] regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/manuel-l-quezon-president-of-the-philippines-rescuer-of-jews/2018/11/14/ |title=Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, Rescuer Of Jews |last=Katz |first=Deborah |date=November 14, 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112138/https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/manuel-l-quezon-president-of-the-philippines-rescuer-of-jews/2018/11/14/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Tomb of President Manuel Luis Quezon.jpg|thumb|Tomb of President Quezon and his wife Aurora at Museo ni Quezon, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City]]
The [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion of the Philippines]] began with an [[Japanese invasion of Batan Island|invasion of Batan Island]] on December 8, 1941. When advancing Japanese forces threatened Manila, President Quezon, other senior officials of the Commonwealth government, and senior American military commanders relocated to [[Corregidor|Corregidor island]], and Manila was declared an [[open city]]. On February 20, Quezon, his family, and senior officials of the Commonwealth government were evacuated from the island by submarine on the first leg of what came to be a relocation of the [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth government in exile]] to the U.S.<ref name="Talmon1998p295" />

Quezon suffered from [[tuberculosis]] and spent his last years in a "[[Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake|cure cottage]]" in [[Saranac Lake, New York|Saranac Lake]], NY, where he died on August 1, 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/115423/quezon-and-tb |title=Quezon and TB |last=Tan |first=Michael L. |website=opinion.inquirer.net |date=August 17, 2018 |language=en |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102714/https://opinion.inquirer.net/115423/quezon-and-tb |url-status=live}}</ref> He was initially buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. His body was later carried by the {{USS|Princeton|CV-37|6}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Valor of Many Stripes: Remarkable Americans in World War II |last=Baron |first=Scott |date=January 14, 2019 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7441-4 |language=en |access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> and re-interred in Manila at the [[Manila North Cemetery]] in 1979, his remains were moved to [[Quezon City]] within the monument at the [[Quezon Memorial Circle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |title=Museo ni Manuel Quezon |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |language=en-US |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034324/http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
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