Editing Common Era (section)

== Similar conventions in other languages ==
* In [[Germany]], Jews in [[Berlin]] seem to have already been using words translating to "(before the) common era" in the 18th century, while others like [[Moses Mendelssohn]] opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.<ref name="Jewish Joke" /> The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like {{lang|de|vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung}} (before the common chronology).<ref>{{lang|de|Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838}} (19 May 1838). See page 175 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFAAAAcAAJ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2] (Leipzig 1838).</ref><ref>{{aut|[[Julius Fürst]]}}, {{lang|de|Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung}} (Leipzig 1862–1869).</ref> In 1938 [[Nazi Germany]], the use of this convention was also prescribed by the [[National Socialist Teachers League]].<ref>{{cite web |page=149 |first=Karl Ludwig Freiherr |last=von und zu Guttenberg |author-link=Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg |url=http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf |date=May 1938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119145938/http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |title=Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat |access-date=15 April 2018 }}</ref> However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] found it ironic to see "[[Aryan]]s following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".<ref name="Jewish Joke">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717061654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2010 |title=GERMANY: Jewish Joke |date=7 March 1938|access-date=5 February 2012 |magazine=Time}}</ref>
* In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], common forms used for "BC" are {{Lang|es|a. C.}} and {{Lang|es|a. de C.}} (for "{{Lang|es|antes de Cristo}}", "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of {{Lang|es|J. C.}} ({{Lang|es|Jesucristo}}) instead of {{Lang|es|C}}. The {{Lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]|italic=no}} also acknowledges the use of {{Lang|es|a. n. e.}} ({{Langx|es|antes de nuestra era|lit=before our era|label=none}}) and {{lang|es|d. n. e.}} ({{Langx|es|después de nuestra era|lit=after our era|label=none}}).<ref name="RAE">{{cite book |title=Ortografía de la lengua española |date=2010 |publisher=Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |page=695 |edition=online |url=http://aplica.rae.es/orweb/cgi-bin/z.cgi?t=4852746440070813319661357&s=2 |language=es}}</ref> In scholarly writing, {{Lang|es|a. e. c.}} is the equivalent of the English "BCE", "{{Lang|es|antes de la era común}}" or "Before the Common Era".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm |title=Writing Dates in Spanish |access-date=5 February 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111060109/http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD ({{lang|cy|Oed Crist}}) and CE ({{lang|cy|Oes Cyffredin}}); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, {{lang|cy|Cyn Crist}}) is used exclusively.
* In [[Russian language|Russian]] since the [[October Revolution]] (1917) {{lang|ru|до н.э. (до нашей эры}}, lit. ''before our era'') and {{lang|ru|н.э. (нашей эры,}} lit. ''of our era'') are used almost universally. Within Christian churches {{lang|ru|до Р.Х./от Р.Х. (до/от Рождества Христова}}, i.e. ''before/after the birth of Christ'', equivalent to {{langx|la|[[Ante Christum natum]]}}) remains in use.
* In [[Polish language|Polish]], "p.n.e." ({{lang|pl|przed naszą erą}}, lit. ''before our era'') and "n.e." ({{lang|pl|naszej ery}}, lit. ''of our era'') are commonly used in historical and scientific literature. {{lang|pl|Przed Chrystusem}} (''before Christ'') and {{lang|pl|po Chrystusie}} (''after Christ'') see sporadic usage, mostly in religious publications.
*In [[China]], upon the foundation of the [[Republic of China]], the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Government in Nanking]] adopted the [[Republic of China calendar]] with 1912 designated as year 1, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was {{lang-zh|西元}} ({{lang|zh|xī yuán}}, "Western Era"), which is still used in [[Taiwan]] in formal documents. In 1949, the [[People's Republic of China]] adopted {{lang|zh|公元}} ({{lang|zh|gōngyuán}}, "Common Era") for both internal and external affairs in [[mainland China]]. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] and [[Macau Basic Law]], thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. BCE is translated into Chinese as {{lang|zh|公元前}} ({{lang|zh|gōngyuánqián}}, "Before the Common Era").
* In [[Czech language|Czech]], the "n. l." ({{lang|cs|našeho letopočtu}} which translates as ''of our year count'') and "př. n. l." or "před n. l." ({{lang|cs|před naším letopočtem}} meaning ''before our year count'') is used, always after the year number. The direct translation of AD ({{lang|cs|léta Páně}}, abbreviated as ''L. P.'') or BC ({{lang|cs|před Kristem}}, abbreviated as ''př. Kr.'') is seen as archaic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=780|title=Jazyková příručka Ústavu pro jazyk český|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>
*In [[Croatian language|Croatian]] the common form used for ''BC'' and ''AD'' are ''pr. Kr.'' (''prije Krista'', "before Christ")<ref>{{Cite web|title=pr. Kr. |website=Hrvatski jezični portal|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=dl9nXRQ=|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> and ''p. Kr.'' (''poslije Krista'', ''after Christ'').<ref>{{Cite web|website=Hrvatski jezični portal|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eV1lWBA=|access-date=16 March 2021|title=p. Kr.}}</ref> The abbreviations ''pr. n. e.'' (''prije nove ere, before new era'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=pr. n. e. |website=Hrvatski jezični portal|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=dl9nXxQ=|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> and ''n. e. (nove ere, (of the) new era'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=n. e. |website=Hrvatski jezični portal|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eF9iXRY=|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> have also recently been introduced.
* In [[Danish language|Danish]], "f.v.t." ({{lang|da|før vor tidsregning}}, ''before our time reckoning'') and "e.v.t." ({{lang|da|efter vor tidsregning}}, ''after our time reckoning'') are used as BCE/CE are in English. Also commonly used are "f.Kr." ({{lang|da|før Kristus}}, ''before Christ'') and "e.Kr." ({{lang|da|efter Kristus}}, ''after Christ''), which are both placed after the year number in contrast with BC/AD in English.
* In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], the terms "п.н.е." (пред нашата ера "before our era") and "н.е." (наша ера "our era")  are used in every aspect.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
* In [[Estonian language|Estonian]], "e.m.a." ({{lang|et|enne meie ajaarvamist}}, ''before our time reckoning'') and "m.a.j." ({{lang|et|meie ajaarvamise järgi}}, ''according to our time reckoning'') are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also in use are terms "eKr" ({{lang|et|enne Kristust}}, ''before Christ'') and "pKr" ({{lang|et|pärast Kristust}}, ''after Christ''). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.
* In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], "eaa." ({{lang|fi|ennen ajanlaskun alkua}}, ''before time reckoning'') and "jaa." ({{lang|fi|jälkeen ajanlaskun alun}}, ''after the start of time reckoning'') are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also (decreasingly) in use are terms "eKr", ({{lang|fi|ennen Kristusta}}, ''before Christ'') and "jKr". ({{lang|fi|jälkeen Kristuksen}}, ''after Christ''). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.