Editing Columbus Day (section)

==European observance==
=== Italy ===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Columbus genoa.jpg
| width1            = 170
| caption1          = Monument to Christopher Columbus in [[Genoa]], Italy
| image2            = Casa Cristoforo Colombo 2.JPG
| width2            = 170
| caption2          = [[Christopher Columbus House]] in [[Genoa]], Italy
}}
[[File:Cristoforo Colombo Italian Royal Navy ship.jpg|thumb|The Italian training ship [[Soviet training ship Dunay|SS ''Cristoforo Colombo'']]]]
Since the 18th century, many Italian communities in the Americas have observed the [[History of the Americas|Discovery of the New World]] as a celebration of their heritage, since Columbus was born in [[Republic of Genoa]], nowadays Italy.<ref name="Charles Speroni 1948 pp. 325">Charles Speroni, "The Development of the Columbus Day Pageant of San Francisco," ''Western Folklore'', Vol. 7, No. 4 (Oct. 1948), pp. 325–335. U.S. State Department, Bureau of International Information Programs.</ref> In Italy, Columbus Day has been officially celebrated since 2004.<ref name="governo.it" /> It is officially named ''Giornata nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo'' ("National Christopher Columbus Day").

The [[Christopher Columbus House]] in [[Genoa]], Italy, is an 18th-century reconstruction of the house in which [[Christopher Columbus]] grew up.<ref name="Poleggi Croce 2020 p.">{{cite book|last1=Poleggi|first1=E.|last2=Croce|first2=I.|title=Ritratto di Genova nel '400. Veduta d'invenzione. Ediz. italiana e inglese|publisher=SAGEP|year=2020|isbn=978-88-6373-704-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1GVzQEACAAJ|language=it|access-date=2022-08-26}}</ref> The house is located outside Genoa's 14th-century walls. During the [[Renaissance]], the area became subject to intense building, mainly consisting of public housing.<ref name="Beneš 2018 p.">{{cite book|last=Beneš|first=C.E.|title=A Companion to Medieval Genoa|publisher=Brill|series=Brill's Companions to European History|year=2018|isbn=978-90-04-36061-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtTDwAAQBAJ|access-date=2022-08-26}}</ref> Columbus was born in 1451, and historical documents indicated that Columbus lived here between approximately 1455 and 1470. At this time, the house had two or maybe three stories, with a shop on the ground floor, and the front door to the left of the shop.<ref name="Beneš 2018 p." />

The "Lega Navale Italiana" has created a ''Regata di Colombo'' ("Columbus [[Regatta]]") as a celebration of the Columbus achievement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leganavale.it/wps/portal/lni/sezioni/savona/home/notizie/regata_di_colombo_2014_aias/!ut/p/a0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOID_N0NPIydDbzcw_zNDRz9XR2dTT18jQK9DfULsh0VAfH-Cug!/|title=Regata della "Giornata Nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo"|work=Lega Navale Italiana|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414223531/http://www.leganavale.it/wps/portal/lni/sezioni/savona/home/notizie/regata_di_colombo_2014_aias/!ut/p/a0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOID_N0NPIydDbzcw_zNDRz9XR2dTT18jQK9DfULsh0VAfH-Cug!/|archive-date=April 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Italians have celebrated Christopher Columbus ({{langx|it|Cristoforo Colombo}} {{IPA|it|kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo|}}) naming after him many civilian and military ships, like the training ship [[Soviet training ship Dunay|SS ''Cristoforo Colombo'']] and the ocean liner [[SS Cristoforo Colombo|SS ''Cristoforo Colombo'']].

=== Spain ===
{{See also|National Day of Spain}}
[[File:Statue of Christopher Columbus in Barcelona (8841818063).jpg|left|200px|thumb|Statue of Christopher Columbus in Barcelona]]
The first celebration of the Discovery of the Américas by Columbus in Spain was as early as 1642 when the city of [[Zaragoza]] designated the Virgen del Pilar ([[Our Lady of the Pillar]]) as symbol of the [[Hispanidad]] (Hispanicity) on the date of the Spanish expedition's arrival to the New World.<ref name=Cenarro>{{Cite journal|journal=Revista de historia Jerónimo Zurita|volume=72|pages=91–102|issn=0044-5517|title=La Reina de la Hispanidad: Fascismo y Nacionalcatolicismo en Zaragoza. 1939–1945|year=1997|first=Ángela|last=Cenarro|url=http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/16/10/4cenarro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220174039/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/16/10/4cenarro.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-20 |url-status=live|publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico}}</ref> This holiday was declared a religious feast day throughout the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1730.<ref name=MARCILHACY1>David Marcilhacy  « América como factor de regeneración y cohesión para una España plural: “la Raza” y el 12 de octubre, cimientos de una identidad compuesta », Hispania (Madrid), vol. LXXIII, no. 244 (mayo-ag. 2013), pp. 501–524</ref>
In 1892, the 12 of October was declared a one-time national day in commemoration of the 4th centenary of the Discovery of America and the perpetuation of the festivity was then first considered. The Spanish government suggested other nations (Hispanic American countries, Italy and the United States of America) to join the celebration, which was followed with enthusiasm by them, with a few exceptions.<ref name=MARCILHACY1/><ref name=MARCILHACY3>David MARCILHACY « Las fiestas del 12 de octubre y las conmemoraciones americanistas bajo la Restauración borbónica: España ante su pasado colonial », Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita (Zaragoza), n°86 (2011), pp. 131–147</ref>
The Discovery of America and the Hispanicity has been celebrated as a national day since 1918 under different names like "Día de la Hispanidad" or "Dia de la Raza", due to changes of political regimes in the 20th century. The national day emphasises Spain's ties with the ''[[Hispanidad]]'', the international Hispanic community and Spanish legacy to the world.<ref name="Prakke">{{cite book |title= Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States|last= Prakke|first= L.|author2=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author3=J. C. E. van den Brandhof |year= 2004|publisher= Kluwer|isbn= 978-90-13-01255-2|page= 748 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oGj0PS8C5akC&pg=PA748}}</ref> In 1981 a royal decree established the ''Fiesta Nacional y Día de la Hispanidad'' as a national holiday.<ref name=Prakke /> In 1987 the name was changed again to ''Fiesta Nacional'' and October 12 became one of two national celebrations, along with [[Constitution Day]] on December 6, as part of a compromise between conservatives, who wanted to emphasize the status of the monarchy and Spain's history, and Republicans, who wanted to commemorate Spain's burgeoning democracy with an official holiday.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite book |last1= Molina A. de Cienfuegos |first1= Ignacio|last2= Martínez Bárcena|first2= Jorge|editor-last= Fuller |editor-first= Linda K.|year=2004 |chapter= Spain: National Days throughout the History and the Geography of Spain|title= National Days/National Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations around the World |isbn= 978-0-275-97270-7 |page=253 |publisher= Greenwood Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llmCOvtWcUcC&pg=PA253}}</ref> The holiday is widely celebrated in Spain with official and cultural events throughout the country. Shops and businesses are closed as with other bank holidays. The observation is enhanced with the [[feast day]] of [[Our Lady of the Pillar]] ([[Fiestas del Pilar]]), the so-called Mother of ''[[Hispanidad]]'',<ref name=Fuller /> and of [[Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura]] (Santa María de Guadalupe) (appointed Queen of Hispanicity in 1928 by the Vatican) from [[Guadalupe, Cáceres|Guadalupe]], [[Cáceres, Spain|Caceres]], whose [[Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe|Monastery]] was the venue in June 1492 for the decisive meeting between the [[Catholic Monarchs]] and Columbus to start organizing the travel and where the latter came back in 1493, right after returning from his first voyage, to thank ''Her'' for his success.