Editing Colombia (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Colombia}}
{{See also|Industry of Colombia}}
[[File:Vista_Hacia_La_Torre_Bacatá_(242256171).jpeg|thumb|[[Skyline]] of [[Bogotá]]'s skyscrapers]]
[[File:Colombia GDP by sector in 2017.png|thumb|Colombia GDP by sector in 2017]]
[[File:Edificio Bancolombia - luces.jpg|thumb|[[Bancolombia]] headquarters in [[Medellín]]]]
Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanized rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 20% of the workforce were employed in industry and 65% in services, responsible for 33% and 60% of GDP respectively.<ref name="GDP Composition">{{cite web |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=COL |publisher=worldbank.org |title=Agriculture, Industry, Services |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525061240/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=COL |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/ilostat-home/home?_adf.ctrl-state=19bjkp4nom_96&_afrLoop=655651903358909#! |publisher=ilo.org |title=Employment distribution by economic activity (by sex) |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525061202/http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/ilostat-home/home?_adf.ctrl-state=19bjkp4nom_96&_afrLoop=655651903358909#! |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The country's [[economic production]] is dominated by its strong [[domestic demand]]. [[Consumer spending|Consumption expenditure]] by households is the largest component of GDP.<ref name="GDPCOLOMBIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/composicion-economia-colombiana-2015/214054|publisher=dinero.com|title=¿Cómo está compuesta la economía colombiana?|date=29 September 2015|language=es|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920184555/https://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/composicion-economia-colombiana-2015/214054|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=dane.gov.co |title=Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) |language=es |access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Colombianeconomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/economia/econo106.htm|publisher=banrepcultural.org|title=Colombian economy|language=es|access-date=16 April 2013|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512141054/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/economia/econo106.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Colombia's [[market economy]] grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a [[recession]] in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the [[Great Depression]]), and the recovery was long and painful. However, growth reaching 7% in 2007, one of the [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|highest]] in Latin America.<ref name="Colombia's GDP growth">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|title=Colombia's GDP growth|publisher=World Bank|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705050710/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates, in 2023, Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$1&nbsp;trillion, [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|32nd in the world]] and third in South America, after Brazil and Argentina.

Total [[government expenditures]] account for 28% of the domestic economy. [[External debt]] equals 40% of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in [[bond ratings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=GGX_NGDP&grp=0&a=|publisher=imf.org|title=General government total expenditure (Percent of GDP)|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926091539/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=GGX_NGDP&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=banrep.gov.co |title=Deuda Externa de Colombia|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/colombia|title=Colombia|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409002035/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/colombia|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Annual inflation closed 2017 at 4.09% YoY (vs. 5.75% YoY in 2016).<ref name="Inflation Rate">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/ipc|title=Colombia Inflation Rate|publisher=banrep.gov.co|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116020027/http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/ipc|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The average national [[unemployment rate]] in 2017 was 9.4%,<ref name="Unemployment Rate">{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech/bol_empleo_dic_17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech/bol_empleo_dic_17.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Colombia Unemployment Rate|publisher=dane.gov.co|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> although the informality is the biggest problem facing the [[labour market]] (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).<ref name="informal workers">{{cite web|url=http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|title=Incomes of informal workers grow less|publisher=portafolio.co|language=es|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221054526/http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|archive-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Colombia has [[free-trade zone]]s (FTZ),<ref name="FTZ">{{cite web|url=http://www.investincolombia.com.co/investment-incentives/permanent-free-trade-zone.html|title=Colombia's Permanent Free Trade Zones Directory|publisher=investincolombia.com.co|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929113346/https://investincolombia.com.co/investment-incentives/permanent-free-trade-zone.html|url-status=live}}</ref> such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]], one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.<ref name="Zonas Francas">[http://www.zonafrancadelpacifico.com/ Zonas Francas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528073604/https://www.zonafrancadelpacifico.com/ |date=28 May 2020 }}. zonafrancadelpacifico.com</ref>

The [[financial sector]] has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy.<ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |title=IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with Colombia |access-date=2 May 2018 |publisher=imf.org |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604213121/https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|title=Informe de operaciones|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=superfinanciera.gov.co|language=es|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601230140/https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|title=Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=banrep.gov.co|language=es|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321200635/https://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] through the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]) offers a regional market to trade equities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos|title=The Latin American Integrated Market (MILA)|access-date=14 March 2014|publisher=mercadomila.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315042207/http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos|archive-date=15 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm|title=Colombia's Colcap Index|access-date=9 March 2014|publisher=banrep.org|language=es|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717083555/http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=World Bank's 2017 Doing Business ranking|access-date=29 October 2016|publisher=doingbusiness.org}}</ref>

Colombia is rich in natural resources, and it is heavily dependent on energy and mining exports.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Colombia a poor country? {{!}} – CountryReports |url=https://www.countryreports.org/country/Colombia/economy.htm |website=countryreports.org |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318083341/https://www.countryreports.org/country/Colombia/economy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombia's main exports include mineral fuels, oils, [[distillation]] products, fruit and other agricultural products, sugars and sugar confectionery, [[food products]], plastics, precious stones, metals, forest products, [[Chemical industry|chemical goods]], [[pharmaceuticals]], vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipment, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, textile and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, construction equipment, software, among others.<ref name="ITC Colombia Exports">{{cite web|url=http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|title=International Trade Centre: Colombia Exports|access-date=15 April 2015|publisher=intracen.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170259/http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.<ref name="Exports">{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/bol_exp_dic17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/bol_exp_dic17.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Exports – partners|publisher=dane.gov.co|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Imports">{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/importaciones/bol_impo_dic17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/importaciones/bol_impo_dic17.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Imports – partners|publisher=dane.gov.co|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>

Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free [[Colombia trade agreements|trade agreements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|title=Non-traditional exports|access-date=31 January 2014|publisher=mincit.gov.co|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202205854/http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|title=Colombia: making many millionaires|access-date=29 March 2014|work=Financial Times|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123707/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |title=País de ricos |access-date=8 April 2013 |publisher=dinero.com |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100504/http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>

In 2017, however, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% were in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population.<ref name="socio-economic policies">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CO |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Colombia |publisher=World Bank |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108065750/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CO |url-status=live }}</ref> The Government has also been developing a process of [[financial inclusion]] within the country's most vulnerable population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/storage/documents/EIU_Microscope_2016_English_web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/storage/documents/EIU_Microscope_2016_English_web.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Colombia and Peru demonstrate the most conducive environments for financial inclusion|publisher=2016 Global Microscope on Financial Inclusion – The Economist Intelligence Unit|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>

The contribution of [[Tourism in Colombia|tourism]] to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017|page=130|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6&nbsp;million in 2007 to 4&nbsp;million in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition|year=2018|publisher=unwto.org|doi=10.18111/9789284419876|isbn=9789284419876}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|title=La OMT destaca crecimiento del turismo en Colombia en los últimos diez años|publisher=lainformacion.com|date=25 June 2014|language=es|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711233513/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|archive-date=11 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Agriculture and natural resources ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Colombia|Mining in Colombia}}
[[File:Cerrejón mine.JPG|thumb|[[Cerrejón]] is an [[open-pit coal mine]], the largest of its type, the largest in Latin America and the tenth biggest in the world.]]

In agriculture, Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of [[coffee]], [[avocado]] and [[palm oil]], and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of [[sugarcane]], [[banana]], [[pineapple]] and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]. The country also has considerable production of [[rice]], [[potato]] and [[cassava]]. Although it is not the largest coffee producer in the world (Brazil claims that title), the country has been able to carry out, for decades, a global marketing campaign to add value to the country's product. Colombian palm oil production is one of the most sustainable on the planet, compared to the largest existing producers. Colombia is also among the 20 largest producers in the world of [[beef]] and [[chicken meat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture and Livestock in Colombia, by FAO |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629173611/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://revistacafeicultura.com.br/?mat=35160 |title=Juan Valdez, garoto propaganda do Café da Colômbia chega aos 50 anos |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129012817/https://revistacafeicultura.com.br/?mat=35160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://summitagro.estadao.com.br/noticias-do-campo/como-e-possivel-produzir-oleo-de-palma-de-maneira-sustentavel-2/ |title=Como é possível produzir óleo de palma de maneira sustentável |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073551/https://summitagro.estadao.com.br/noticias-do-campo/como-e-possivel-produzir-oleo-de-palma-de-maneira-sustentavel-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombia is also the 2nd largest [[flower]] exporter in the world, after the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.negocioscomflores.com.br/noticias/como-funciona-a-industria-de-flores-na-colombia-maior-exportador-mundial/ |title=COMO FUNCIONA A INDUSTRIA DE FLORES NA COLOMBIA – MAIOR EXPORTADOR MUNDIAL |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715073552/https://www.negocioscomflores.com.br/noticias/como-funciona-a-industria-de-flores-na-colombia-maior-exportador-mundial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Colombian agriculture emits 55% of Colombia's [[greenhouse gas]] emissions, mostly from deforestation, over-extensive cattle ranching, land grabbing, and illegal agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kliefoth |first=Willis |date=2021-10-06 |title=Towards a greener, fairer and more productive land use sector in Colombia |url=https://climatefocus.com/towards-greener-fairer-and-more-productive-land-use-sector-colombia/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Climate Focus |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418115650/https://climatefocus.com/towards-greener-fairer-and-more-productive-land-use-sector-colombia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Colombia is an important exporter of [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] – in 2020, more than 40% of the country's exports were based on these two products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/col |title=Colombian exports, by OEC |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603062300/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/col |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018 it was the 5th largest coal exporter in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Coal Exports |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/coal-and-coke/coal-and-coke-exports |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration|US Energy Information Administration]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813010028/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/coal-and-coke/coal-and-coke-exports |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Colombia was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, with 791 thousand barrels/day, exporting a good part of its production – the country was the 19th largest oil exporter in the world in 2020.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1577836800000| title=EIA 2019 Petroleum production| access-date=14 July 2022| archive-date=15 July 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715213839/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1577836800000| url-status=live}}</ref> In mining, Colombia is the world's largest producer of [[emerald]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru| title=Colombian emeralds| access-date=14 July 2022| archive-date=21 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221174300/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru| url-status=live}}</ref> and in the production of [[gold]], between 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, beating the record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. Currently, the country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production |title=Colombia Gold Production |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022625/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/colombia/gold-production |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Energy and transportation===
{{Main|Electricity sector in Colombia|Transport in Colombia}}
[[File:Hidrosogamoso,_Represa.JPG|thumb|[[Sogamoso Dam]]]]

The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from [[Renewable energy]] sources. 69.93% is obtained from the [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric generation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siel.gov.co/Inicio/Generaci%C3%B3n/Estad%C3%ADsticasyvariablesdegeneraci%C3%B3n/tabid/115/Default.aspx|title=Colombian Electricity Market – Evolución Variables de Generación Diciembre de 2016|publisher=Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética de Colombia|language=es|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520050251/http://www.siel.gov.co/Inicio/Generaci%C3%B3n/Estad%C3%ADsticasyvariablesdegeneraci%C3%B3n/tabid/115/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 ''Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)'', ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.<ref name=ggei>{{cite web|title=2014 Global Green Economy Index|url=http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=Dual Citizen LLC|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg|thumb|Port of [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]]]]

Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the [[Ministry of Transport (Colombia)|Ministry of Transport]]<ref name="MTransport">{{cite web|url=https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|title=Ministry of Transport|date=8 May 2011 |publisher=mintransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201163042/https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|url-status=live}}</ref> and entities such as the National Roads Institute ([[INVÍAS]]) responsible for the [[Highways in Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|title=INVÍAS – Objectives and Functions|publisher=invias.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206040650/http://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Aerocivil]], responsible for civil aviation and [[List of airports in Colombia|airports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|title=Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes|publisher=aerocivil.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709104232/http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)|National Infrastructure Agency]], in charge of [[concession (contract)|concessions]] through [[public–private partnership]]s, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|title=ANI – Objectives and Functions|date=24 December 2012|publisher=ani.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102833/http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|url-status=live}}</ref> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|title=the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar)|publisher=dimar.mil.co|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221203751/http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> among others, and under the supervision of the [[Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)|Superintendency of Ports and Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|title=Superintendency of Ports and Transport- Objectives and Functions|publisher=supertransporte.gov.co|language=es|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219084606/http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Colombia had {{convert|204389|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads, {{convert|32280|km|0|abbr=on}} of which were paved. At the end of 2017, the country had around {{convert|2100|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Dual carriageway|duplicated highways]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |title=Declaración de importancia estratégica de los proyectos de inversión del programa vías |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706014411/https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/4039.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |title=Colombia pasó de 700 kilómetros de doble calzada en 2010 a 2.100 |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818210134/https://www.larepublica.co/infraestructura/colombia-paso-de-tener-700-km-de-doble-calzada-en-2010-a-2100-km-2573137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="transporte">Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia</ref> [[Rail transport in Colombia|Rail transportation]] in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]] and the railway network has a length of 1,700&nbsp;km of potentially active rails.<ref name="transporte" /> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of [[oil pipelines]], and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<ref name="transporte" />

The Colombian government aimed to build 7,000&nbsp;km of roads between 2016 and 2020, which would reduce travel times by an estimated 30 per cent, and transport costs by an estimated 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50 bn in transport infrastructure, including railway systems, making the [[Magdalena River]] navigable again, improving port facilities, and an expansion of [[El Dorado International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ambitious plans to transform Colombia|work=Financial Times|date=17 November 2014|access-date=27 November 2014|last1=Schipani|first1=Andres}}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2021}} Colombia is a middle-income country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colombia |url=https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/ |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182840/https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/colombia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Colombia}}
[[File:CEMSA 271215 01.JPG|thumb|left|[[Colciencias]] is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.]]

Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=research groups in science and technology|language=es |publisher=colciencias.gov.co |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions provide. Colombia was ranked 61st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212043914/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small.<ref name="venturebeat.com">{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |publisher=venturebeat.com |title=entrepreneurship and innovation in Colombia |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001122006/http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.co/|title=Colombia Startups|publisher=apps.co|language=es|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209081806/https://apps.co/|url-status=live}}</ref> Organizations such as the Corporation for Biological Research (CIB) for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|title=Corporation for Biological Research (CIB)|publisher=cib.org.co|language=es|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413214207/http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|archive-date=13 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[International Center for Tropical Agriculture]] based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of [[global warming]] and [[food security]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciat.cgiar.org/|title=International Center for Tropical Agriculture|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609150224/http://ciat.cgiar.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Important inventions related to medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes]], invented by the electrical engineer [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]], an invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the [[microkeratome]] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as [[LASIK]] (one of the most important techniques for the correction of [[refractive error]]s of vision) and the [[Salomón Hakim#The Invention of the valve|Hakim valve]] for the treatment of [[hydrocephalus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|title=Inventos colombianos|publisher=20minutos.es|language=es|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213902/http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|url-status=live}}</ref> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, [[military robot]]s, [[bomb]]s, simulators and radar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|title=Colombian military industry markets weapons and technology on international stage|publisher=dialogo-americas.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417045356/https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|title=Robots antiexplosivos|publisher=historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co|access-date=9 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509183603/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>

Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the [[genetic diversity]] of food, [[Manuel Elkin Patarroyo]] who is known for his groundbreaking work on [[synthetic vaccine]]s for [[malaria]], [[Francisco Lopera]] who discovered the "Paisa Mutation" or a type of [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]],<ref name="Francisco Lopera">{{cite web|url=http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|publisher=udea.edu.co|title=Beyond Alzheimer's: the "Paisa Mutation"|access-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012618/http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> [[Rodolfo Llinás]] known for his study of the intrinsic [[neuron]]s properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of [[synthetic substance]]s which can be used to fight fungus, [[tumor]]s, [[tuberculosis]] and even some viruses and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]''.<ref name="Científicos colombianos">{{cite web|url=http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|title=Científicos colombianos|publisher=cienciagora.com.co|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200254/http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="brillantes colombianos">{{cite web|url=http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|title=científicos del país más consultados|publisher=portal.redcolombiana.com|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201546/http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Científicos destacados">{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909|title=Estos son los científicos colombianos más destacados en el último lustro|date=25 November 2009|publisher=eltiempo.com|access-date=28 October 2013|language=es|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317120558/http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909|url-status=live}}</ref>