Editing Coenzyme Q10 (section)

===Bioavailability===
In contrast to the intake of CoQ<sub>10</sub> as a constituent of food, such as nuts or meat, from which CoQ<sub>10</sub> is normally absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ<sub>10</sub> bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement.<ref name="mantle">{{cite journal|doi=10.3390/antiox9050386|doi-access=free |title=Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10: An Overview of the Absorption Process and Subsequent Metabolism |date=2020 |journal=Antioxidants |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=386 |pmid=32380795 | vauthors = Mantle D, Dybring A |pmc=7278738 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3390/nu11030527|doi-access=free |title=Bioavailability and Sustained Plasma Concentrations of CoQ10 in Healthy Volunteers by a Novel Oral Timed-Release Preparation |date=2019 |journal=Nutrients |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=527 |pmid=30823449 |pmc=6471387 | vauthors = Martucci A, Reurean-Pintilei D, Manole A }}</ref> Bioavailability of CoQ<sub>10</sub> supplements may be reduced due to the lipophilic nature of its molecule and large molecular weight.<ref name=mantle/>

====Reduction of particle size====
[[Nanoparticle]]s have been explored as a delivery system for various drugs, such as improving the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption characteristics.<ref name="pmid9121559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathiowitz E, Jacob JS, Jong YS, Carino GP, Chickering DE, Chaturvedi P, Santos CA, Vijayaraghavan K, Montgomery S, Bassett M, Morrell C | title = Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems | journal = Nature | volume = 386 | issue = 6623 | pages = 410–414 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9121559 | doi = 10.1038/386410a0 | s2cid = 4324209 | bibcode = 1997Natur.386..410M }}</ref> However, this has not proved successful with CoQ<sub>10</sub>, although reports have differed widely.<ref name="pmid14621964">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsu CH, Cui Z, Mumper RJ, Jay M | title = Preparation and characterization of novel coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors | journal = AAPS PharmSciTech | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = E32 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14621964 | pmc = 2750625 | doi = 10.1208/pt040332 }}{{Verify source|date=November 2010}}</ref><ref name="pmid12564745">{{cite journal | vauthors = Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner AD | title = Comparative bioavailability of two novel coenzyme Q10 preparations in humans | journal = International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 42–48 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12564745 | doi = 10.5414/CPP41042 }}{{Verify source|date=November 2010}}</ref> The use of aqueous [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] of finely powdered CoQ<sub>10</sub> in pure water also reveals only a minor effect.<ref name="pmid3718593">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa Y, Mizushima Y, Koyama I, Akimoto M, Yamagata Y, Hayashi H, Murayama H | title = Intestinal absorption enhancement of coenzyme Q10 with a lipid microsphere | journal = Arzneimittel-Forschung | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 689–690 | date = April 1986 | pmid = 3718593 }}</ref>

====Water-solubility====
Facilitating drug absorption by increasing its solubility in water is a common pharmaceutical strategy and also is successful for CoQ<sub>10</sub>. Various approaches have been developed to achieve this goal, with many of them producing significantly better results over oil-based soft gel capsules despite the many attempts to optimize their composition.<ref name="Žmitek-2008" /> Examples of such approaches are use of the aqueous dispersion of solid CoQ<sub>10</sub> with the [[polymer]] [[tyloxapol]],<ref name="USP619">{{cite patent |inventor = Westesen K, Siekmann B |title=Particles with modified physicochemical properties, their preparation and uses |country=US |number=6197349 |publication-date=2001}}</ref> formulations based on various solubilising agents, such as hydrogenated lecithin,<ref name="US 4483873">{{cite patent| inventor = Ohashi H, Takami T, Koyama N, Kogure Y, Ida K |title=Aqueous solution containing ubidecarenone |country=US |number=4483873 |publication-date=1984}}</ref> and [[complex (chemistry)|complexation]] with [[cyclodextrins]]; among the latter, the complex with [[β-cyclodextrin]] has been found to have highly increased bioavailability<ref name="pmid18645245">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zmitek J, Smidovnik A, Fir M, Prosek M, Zmitek K, Walczak J, Pravst I | title = Relative bioavailability of two forms of a novel water-soluble coenzyme Q10 | journal = Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–287 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18645245 | doi = 10.1159/000129661 | s2cid = 825159 }}</ref><ref name="Kagan-2010">{{cite journal |vauthors = Kagan D, Madhavi D |year=2010 |title=A Study on the Bioavailability of a Novel Sustained-Release Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub>-β-Cyclodextrin Complex |journal=Integrative Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1}}</ref> and also is used in pharmaceutical and food industries for CoQ<sub>10</sub>-fortification.<ref name="Žmitek-2008" />