Editing Clitic (section)

==== English ====
[[English language|English]] enclitics include the contracted versions of auxiliary verbs, as in ''I'm'' and ''we've''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |author-link1=Rodney Huddleston
|last2= Pullum |first2= Geoffrey |author-link2=Geoffrey Pullum
|title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge; New York |isbn=0-521-43146-8|pages=1614–1616}}
</ref> Some also regard the [[English possessive|possessive marker]], as in ''The Queen of England's crown'' as an enclitic, rather than a (phrasal) genitival inflection.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |author-link1=Rodney Huddleston|last2= Pullum |first2= Geoffrey |author-link2=Geoffrey Pullum|title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge; New York |isbn=0-521-43146-8|pages=480–481}}</ref>

Some consider the [[Uses of English verb forms#To-infinitive|infinitive marker]] ''to'' and the [[English articles]] ''a, an, the'' to be proclitics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/what-is-a-clitic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031073058/http://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/what-is-a-clitic.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-31 |url-status=live|title=What is a clitic?|website=stanford.edu|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

The negative marker ''-n't'' as in ''couldn't'' etc. is typically considered a clitic that developed from the lexical item ''not''. Linguists [[Arnold Zwicky]] and [[Geoffrey Pullum]] argue, however, that the form has the properties of an affix rather than a syntactically independent clitic.<ref>{{cite journal
| last= Zwicky
| first= Arnold M.
| year= 1983
| title= Cliticization vs. inflection: the case of English ''n't''
| journal= Language
| volume= 59
| pages= 502–513
| doi= 10.2307/413900
| issue= 3
| author2= Pullum| jstor= 413900
}}</ref>