Editing Civil service (section)

====Canada====
{{Main|Public Service of Canada}}
Historians have explored the powerful role of civil service since the 1840s.<ref>R. MacGregor Dawson,  ''The Civil Service of Canada'' (1929); Jack Granatstein, ''The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957'' (Oxford UP, 1982); J.E. Hodgetts, ''Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of United Canada, 1841–1867. '' (U of Toronto Press, 1955).</ref>

In Canada, the civil service at the federal level is known as the [[Public Service of Canada]], with each of the ten provincial governments as well as the three territorial governments also having their own separate civil services. The federal civil service consists of all employees of the [[The Crown|crown]]. Ministers' exempt staff and members of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] or [[Canadian Armed Forces]] are not civil servants.<ref name="pop">{{cite web | url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/psm-fpfm/modernizing-modernisation/stats/ssen-ane-eng.asp | title=Population of the Federal Public Service | publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada | access-date=25 June 2016 | author=Government of Canada | date=2011-04-18 | archive-date=2016-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622062031/http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/psm-fpfm/modernizing-modernisation/stats/ssen-ane-eng.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> There are approximately 357,000 federal civil servants (2023),<ref name="pop" /> and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.2.1|title=ENAP – Canadian governments compared > Provincial|website=etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca|access-date=2011-07-27|archive-date=2011-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913174916/http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/en/nav.aspx?sortcode=2.0.2.1|url-status=live}}</ref>