Editing Christopher Columbus (section)

== Commemoration ==
{{Further|List of places named for Christopher Columbus|List of monuments and memorials to Christopher Columbus}}
[[File:Columbus 1892 Issue-$5.jpg|thumb|U.S. [[Columbian Issue]] of 1893.]]
[[File:1893 Nina Pinta Santa Maria replicas.jpg|thumb|Replicas of the ''Niña'', ''Pinta'' and ''Santa María'' sailed from Spain to the [[Chicago Columbian Exposition]] in 1893]]
[[File:Columbus Day in New York City 2009 (4014723409).jpg|thumb|[[Columbus Day]] parade in New York City, 2009]]

The figure of Columbus was not ignored in the British colonies during the colonial era: Columbus became a unifying symbol early in the history of the colonies that became the United States when Puritan preachers began to use his life story as a model for a "developing American spirit".<ref name="West1992">{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Delno |title=Christopher Columbus and His Enterprise to the Indies: Scholarship of the Last Quarter Century |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=April 1992 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=254–277 |jstor=2947272 |issn=0043-5597 |quote=Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent. Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit. On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia."}}</ref> In the spring of 1692, [[Puritan]] preacher [[Cotton Mather]] described Columbus's voyage as one of three shaping events of the modern age, connecting Columbus's voyage and the Puritans' migration to North America, seeing them together as the key to a grand design.<ref name="Bercovitch2014">{{cite book |last1=Bercovitch |first1=Sacvan |title=The Rites of Assent: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction of America |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-79619-0 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndmsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |quote=Thinking back in spring 1692 to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration. Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design. To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: (1) "''the Resurrection of Literature''",...  (2) the discovery of America, ... and (3) the Protestant Reformation.}}</ref>

The use of Columbus as a founding figure of New World nations spread rapidly after the American Revolution. This was out of a desire to develop a national history and [[founding myth]] with fewer ties to Britain.<ref name="Bushman1992">{{cite book |last1=Bushman |first1=Claudia L. |title=America Discovers Columbus: How an Italian Explorer Became an American Hero |year=1992 |publisher=University Press of New England |isbn=978-0-87451-576-3 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNB1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22bypassed%20England.%22}}</ref><ref name="Bartosik-Vélez20142">{{Cite book |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/fbb06e57-759f-43c2-bf3b-792cee697ee2/external_content.pdf |page=2 |chapter=The Incorporation of Columbus into the Story of Western Empire |isbn=978-0-8265-1953-5 |title=The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. New Nations and a Transatlantic Discourse of Empire |first=Elise |last=Bartosik-Vélez |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University Press]] |location=Nashville |year=2014}}</ref><ref name="Burmila20171009">{{cite news |last1=Burmila |first1=Edward |date=9 October 2017 |title=The Invention of Christopher Columbus, American Hero |work=The Nation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-invention-of-christopher-columbus-american-hero/}}</ref> His name was the basis for the female [[national personification]] of the United States, [[Columbia (personification)|Columbia]],<ref name="Dewey2007">{{cite book |last1=Dewey |first1=Donald |title=The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons |year=2007 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1985-5 |pages=12–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNI9046BaRAC&pg=PA13}}</ref> in use since the 1730s with reference to the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], and also a historical name applied to the [[Americas]] and to the [[New World]]. [[Columbia, South Carolina]] and ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]'', the ship for which the [[Columbia River]] was named, are named for Columbus.<ref name="Benke2011">{{cite book |last1=Stanford |first1=Jack A. |last2=Hauer |first2=F. Richard |last3=Gregory |first3=Stanley V. |last4=Snyder |first4=Eric B. |editor1-last=Benke |editor1-first=Arthur C. |editor2-last=Cushing |editor2-first=Colbert E. |title=Rivers of North America |year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-045418-4 |page=501 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faOU1wkiYFIC&pg=PA591 |chapter=Columbia River Basin}}</ref>

Columbus's name was given to the newly born [[Gran Colombia|Republic of Colombia]] in the early 19th century, inspired by the political project of "Colombeia" developed by revolutionary [[Francisco de Miranda]], which was put at the service of the emancipation of continental Hispanic America.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1271/127149937006/html/ |title=La construcción de Colombeia: Francisco de Miranda y su paso por el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, 1785–1789 |first1=Michael |last1=Zeuske |first2=Andrés |last2=Otálvaro |year=2017 |doi=10.15446/achsc.v44n1.61224 |journal=Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura |volume=44 |page=177 |issn=0120-2456 |doi-access=free}}</ref><!--Towns, streets, and plazas throughout Latin America and Spain have been named after him.-->

To commemorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus,<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |year=1893 |title=Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11369/ |access-date=17 July 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> the 1893 [[World's Fair]] in Chicago was named the [[World's Columbian Exposition]].<ref name="BolotinLaing2002">{{cite book |last1=Bolotin |first1=Norm |last2=Laing |first2=Christine |title=The World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 |date=2002 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-07081-5 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfsw96Eqko8C&pg=PR7}}</ref> The [[U.S. Postal Service]] issued the first U.S. [[commemorative stamp]]s, the [[Columbian Issue]],<ref name="Handler2016">{{cite journal |last1=Handler |first1=Richard |title=Mining the time-space matrix: Commemorative postage stamps and US world's fairs, 1893–1915 |journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory |date=June 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=296–300 |doi=10.14318/hau6.1.017 |s2cid=159668550}}</ref> depicting Columbus, Queen Isabella and others in various stages of his several voyages.<ref name="West2014">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Chris |title=A History of America in Thirty-six Postage Stamps |date=2014 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-04368-9 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RACEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89}}</ref> A [[Columbian half dollar|commemorative silver half dollar]] was also struck, which remains the only U.S. currency issued having a foreigner as its subject. The policies related to the celebration of the Spanish colonial empire as the vehicle of a nationalist project undertaken in Spain during the [[Restoration (Spain)|Restoration]] in the late 19th century took form with the commemoration of the 4th centenary on 12 October 1892 (in which the figure of Columbus was extolled by the Conservative government), eventually becoming the very same national day.{{Sfn|Marcilhacy|2011|pp=135–138}} Several monuments commemorating the "discovery" were erected in cities such as Palos, Barcelona, Granada, Madrid, Salamanca, Valladolid and Seville in the years around the 400th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite journal |language=es |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/87/09marcilhacy.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/31/87/09marcilhacy.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Las fiestas del 12 de octubre y las conmemoraciones americanistas bajo la restauración borbónica: España frente a su pasado colonial |first=David |last=Marcilhacy |pages=135–138 |journal=Jerónimo Zurita |volume=86 |year=2011 |issn=0044-5517}}</ref>{{efn|group=n.|See: [[Columbus Monument, Barcelona]] (1888), [[Monument to the Discoverers]] (1892), [[Monument to Columbus (Madrid)]] (1892), [[Monument to Isabella the Catholic (Granada)]] (1892), [[Monument to Columbus (Salamanca)]] (1893), [[Monument to Columbus (Valladolid)]] (inaugurated in 1905, but whose inception dates to an earlier date and a tentative location in Spanish [[Havana]]).}}

For the [[Columbus Quincentenary]] in 1992, a second Columbian issue was released jointly with Italy, Portugal, and Spain.<ref>"Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014.</ref> Columbus was celebrated at [[Seville Expo '92]], and [[Genoa Expo '92]].

The Boal Mansion Museum, founded in 1951, contains a collection of materials concerning later descendants of Columbus and collateral branches of the family. It features a 16th-century chapel from a Spanish castle reputedly owned by Diego Colón which became the residence of Columbus's descendants. The chapel interior was dismantled and moved from Spain in 1909 and re-erected on the Boal estate at [[Boalsburg]], Pennsylvania. Inside it are numerous religious paintings and other objects including a [[reliquary]] with fragments of wood supposedly from the [[True Cross]]. The museum also holds a collection of documents mostly relating to Columbus descendants of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.<ref name="Bedini2016489">{{cite book |last1=Bedini |first1=Silvio A. |editor1-last=Bedini |editor1-first=Silvio A. |title=The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12573-9 |page=489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8}}</ref>

In many countries of the Americas, as well as Spain and Italy, [[Columbus Day]] celebrates the anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas on 12 October 1492.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Columbus Day |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Columbus-Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>