Editing Choline (section)

==Dietary recommendations==
Insufficient data is available to establish an estimated average requirement (EAR) for choline, so the Food and Nutrition Board established adequate intakes (AIs).<ref name=ods/><ref>{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board|year=1998 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline |pages=390–422 |location=District of Columbia|publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |doi=10.17226/6015 |pmid=23193625 |isbn=978-0-309-13269-5 |lccn=2000028380 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6015/dietary-reference-intakes-for-thiamin-riboflavin-niacin-vitamin-b6-folate-vitamin-b12-pantothenic-acid-biotin-and-choline}}</ref> For adults, the AI for choline was set at 550&nbsp;mg/day for men and 425&nbsp;mg/day for women.<ref name=ods/> These values have been shown to prevent hepatic alteration in men. However, the study used to derive these values did not evaluate whether less choline would be effective, as researchers only compared a choline-free diet to a diet containing 550&nbsp;mg of choline per day. From this, the AIs for children and adolescents were extrapolated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiedeman |first1=Alejandra M. |last2=Barr |first2=Susan I. |last3=Green |first3=Timothy J. |last4=Xu |first4=Zhaoming |last5=Innis |first5=Sheila M. |last6=Kitts |first6=David D. |date=2018-10-16 |title=Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle |journal=Nutrients |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1513 |doi=10.3390/nu10101513 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6213596 |pmid=30332744|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zeisel |first1=S. H. |last2=Da Costa |first2=K. A. |last3=Franklin |first3=P. D. |last4=Alexander |first4=E. A. |last5=Lamont |first5=J. T. |last6=Sheard |first6=N. F. |last7=Beiser |first7=A. |date=April 1991 |title=Choline, an essential nutrient for humans |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/00000840m |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=2093–2098 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.5.7.2010061 |doi-access=free |issn=0892-6638 |pmid=2010061|s2cid=12393618 }}</ref>

Recommendations are in milligrams per day (mg/day). The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) recommendations are general recommendations for the [[EU countries]]. The EFSA has not set any upper limits for intake.<ref name="eu" /> Individual EU countries may have more specific recommendations. The [[National Academy of Medicine]] (NAM) recommendations apply in the United States,<ref name=ods/> Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/choline|title=Choline|last=Choline|date=2014-03-17|website=www.nrv.gov.au|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Choline recommendations (mg/day)
|-
! Age
! EFSA [[adequate intake]]<ref name=eu/>
! US NAM adequate intake<ref name=ods/>
! US NAM [[tolerable upper intake levels]]<ref name=ods/>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Infants and children'''
|-
| 0–6 months
| Not established
| 125
| Not established
|-
| 7–12 months
| 160
| 150
| Not established
|-
|1–3 years
|140
|200
|1,000
|-
|4–6 years
|170
|250
|1,000
|-
|7–8 years
|250
|250
|1,000
|-
|9–10 years
|250
|375
|1,000
|-
|11–13 years
|340
|375
|2,000
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Males'''
|-
|14 years
|340
|550
|3,000
|-
|15–18 years
|400
|550
|3,000
|-
|19+ years
|400
|550
|3,500
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Females'''
|-
|14 years
|340
|400
|3,000
|-
|15–18 years
|400
|400
|3,000
|-
|19+ y
|400
|425
|3,500
|-
|'''If pregnant'''
|480
|450
|3,500 (3,000 if ≤18 y)
|-
|'''If breastfeeding'''
|520
|550
|3,500 (3,000 if ≤18 y)
|}