Editing Chlorofluorocarbon (section)

===Development of alternatives for CFCs===
Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] ozone were published.

The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the [[stratosphere]] and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Later alternatives lacking the chlorine, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere.<ref name=prin/> One of these compounds, [[HFC-134a]], were used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants (a propane/isobutane blend) were also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the US and many other countries, as they had excellent thermodynamic properties and performed particularly well in high ambient temperatures. [[1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane]] (HCFC-141b) has replaced HFC-134a, due to its low ODP and GWP values. And according to the Montreal Protocol, HCFC-141b is supposed to be phased out completely and replaced with zero ODP substances such as [[cyclopentane]], HFOs, and HFC-345a before January 2020.<ref>[https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/9601/2022/acp-22-9601-2022.pdf acp.copernicus.org article] (PDF)</ref>

Among the natural refrigerants (along with ammonia and carbon dioxide), hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications, and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/china/en/campaigns/stop-climate-change/climate-friendly-cooling/cool-technologies-part-1.pdf "Greenpeace, Cool Technologies"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706160041/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/china/en/campaigns/stop-climate-change/climate-friendly-cooling/cool-technologies-part-1.pdf |date=2008-07-06 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 24 September 2011.</ref>
Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics.<ref>[http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227052412/http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf |date=February 27, 2008 }}. Norden.org (1 January 2003). Retrieved on 2011-09-24.</ref>

In [[Metered-dose inhaler]]s (MDI), a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant, known as "'''hydrofluoroalkane'''."<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10743983|year=2000|last1=Boccuzzi|first1=S. J|title=Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications|journal=Clinical Therapeutics|volume=22|issue=2|pages=237–47|last2=Wogen|first2=J|last3=Roehm|first3=J. B|doi=10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88482-9}}</ref>

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:auto; margin:0; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"

!+ colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| Applications and replacements for CFCs
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| Application
! style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| Previously used CFC
! style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;"| Replacement
|-
| Refrigeration & air-conditioning
| CFC-12 ({{chem2|CCl2F2}}); CFC-11 ({{chem2|CCl3F}}); CFC-13 ({{chem2|CClF3}}); HCFC-22 ({{chem2|CHClF2}}); CFC-113 ({{chem2|Cl2FCCClF2}}); CFC-114 ({{chem2|CClF2CClF2}}); CFC-115 ({{chem2|CF3CClF2}});
| [[HFC-23]] ({{chem2|CHF3}}); HFC-134a ({{chem2|CF3CFH2}}); HFC-507 [1:1 [[azeotrope]] of [[HFC-125]] ({{chem2|CF3CHF2}}) and HFC-143a ({{chem2|CF3CH3}})]; HFC-410 [1:1 azeotrope of HFC-32 ({{chem2|CF2H2}}) and HFC-125 ({{chem2|CF3CF2H}})]
|-
| Propellants in medicinal aerosols
| CFC-114 ({{chem2|CClF2CClF2}})
| [[HFC-134a]] ({{chem2|CF3CFH2}}); [[HFC-227ea]] ({{chem2|CF3CHFCF3}})
|-
| Blowing agents for foams
| CFC-11 ({{chem2|CCl3F}}); CFC 113 ({{chem2|Cl2FCCClF2}}); HCFC-141b ({{chem2|CCl2FCH3}})
| [[HFC-245fa]] ({{chem2|CF3CH2CHF2}}); HFC-365mfc ({{chem2|CF3CH2CF2CH3}})
|-
| Solvents, degreasing agents, cleaning agents
| CFC-11 ({{chem2|CCl3F}}); CFC-113 ({{chem2|CCl2FCClF2}})
| [[HCFC-225cb]] ({{chem2|C3HCl2F5}}) 
|}