Editing Chivalry (section)

===Modern manifestations and revivals===
{{See also|Medievalism}}[[File:Stitching the Standard (Leighton).jpg|left|thumb|upright|Depiction of chivalric ideals in [[Romanticism]] (''[[Stitching the Standard]]'' by [[Edmund Blair Leighton]]: the lady prepares for a knight to go to war)]]

<blockquote>Chivalry!—why, maiden, she is the nurse of pure and high affection—the stay of the oppressed, the redresser of grievances, the curb of the power of the tyrant—Nobility were but an empty name without her, and liberty finds the best protection in her lance and her sword.<div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">—[[Walter Scott]], ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' (1820)</div></blockquote>

The chivalric ideal persisted into the early modern and modern period. The custom of founding [[chivalric order]]s by Europe's monarchs and high nobility peaked in the late medieval period, but it persisted during the Renaissance and well into the Baroque and early modern period, with e.g. the Tuscan [[Order of Saint Stephen]] (1561), the French [[Order of Saint Louis]] (1693) or the [[Anglo-Irish]] [[Order of St. Patrick]] (1783), and numerous [[Dynastic order of knighthood|dynastic orders of knighthood]] remain active in countries that retain a tradition of monarchy.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

At the same time, with the change of courtly ideas during the [[Baroque period]], the ideals of chivalry began to be seen as dated, or "medieval". ''[[Don Quixote]]'', published in 1605–15, burlesqued the medieval chivalric novel or ''[[romance (heroic literature)|romance]]'' by ridiculing the stubborn adherence to the chivalric code in the face of the modern world as anachronistic, giving rise to the term [[Quixotism]]. Conversely, elements of [[Romanticism]] sought to revive such "medieval" ideals or aesthetics in the late 18th and early 19th century.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

The behavioural code of military officers down to the [[Napoleonic era]], the [[American Civil War]] (especially as idealised in the "[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]]" mythology), and to some extent even to [[World War I]], was still strongly modelled on the historical ideals, resulting in a pronounced [[duel]]ling culture, which in some parts of Europe also held sway over the civilian life of the upper classes. With the [[decline of the Ottoman Empire]], however, the military threat from the "infidel" disappeared. The [[European wars of religion]] spanned much of the early modern period and consisted of infighting between factions of various Christian denominations. This process of [[confessionalization]] ultimately gave rise to a new military ethos based on [[nationalism]] rather than "defending the faith against the infidel".{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Social commentators of the [[Victorian era]] advocated for a revival of chivalry in order to remedy the ill effects of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. [[Thomas Carlyle]]'s "[[Captains of Industry]]" were to lead a "Chivalry of Labour", a beneficent form of governance that is hierarchical yet fraternal in nature, rather than materialistic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ulrich |first=John |date=1995 |title=The Re-inscription of Labor in Carlyle's "Past and Present" |journal=Criticism |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=443–468 |jstor=23116609 |issn=0011-1589 }}</ref> [[John Ruskin]]'s "Ideal Commonwealth" took chivalry as one of its basic characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gailor |first=T.F. |date=1893 |title=John Ruskin |journal=The Sewanee Review |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=491–497 |issn=0037-3052 |jstor=27527781 }}</ref>

From the [[early modern period]], the term ''gallantry'' (from ''[[galant]]'', the [[Baroque period|Baroque]] ideal of refined elegance) rather than ''chivalry'' became used for the proper behaviour of upper-class men towards upper-class women. In the 19th century, there were attempts to revive chivalry for the purposes of the [[gentleman]] of that time. [[Kenelm Henry Digby]] wrote his ''[[The Broad-Stone of Honour]]'' for this purpose, offering the definition: "Chivalry is only a name for that general spirit or state of mind which disposes men to heroic actions, and keeps them conversant with all that is beautiful and sublime in the intellectual and moral world."{{cn|date=August 2024}}

The pronouncedly masculine virtues of chivalry came under attack on the parts of the [[masculist]] and upper-class [[suffragettes]] campaigning for [[gender equality]] in the early 20th century,{{refn|"The idea that men were to act and live deferentially on behalf of women and children, though an ancient principle, was already under attack by 1911 from militant suffragettes intent on leveling the political playing field by removing from the public mindset the notion that women were a 'weaker sex' in need of saving."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/women_in_the_military/multigenerational_manhood.aspx|url-status=dead|chapter=Multi-Generational Manhood|title=The Birkenhead Drill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128005535/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/women_in_the_military/multigenerational_manhood.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2013 |author-link=Doug Phillips (speaker)|first=Doug |last=Phillips|date=15 April 2003}}</ref>|group=Note}} and with the decline of the military ideals of duelling culture and of European aristocracies in general following the catastrophe of [[World War I]], the ideals of chivalry became widely seen as outmoded by the mid-20th century. As a material reflection of this process, the [[dress sword]] lost its position as an indispensable part of a gentleman's wardrobe, a development described as an "archaeological terminus" by [[Ewart Oakeshott]], as it concluded the long period during which the [[sword]] had been a visible attribute of the free man, beginning as early as three millennia ago with the [[Bronze Age sword]].<ref>{{harvp|Oakeshott|1980|p=255}}</ref><ref>[https://gynocentrism.com/2015/12/20/1857-conference-on-mens-rights-proposed/ 1857: Conference on Men's Rights proposed]</ref><ref>[https://gynocentrism.com/2016/01/02/6038/ Women’s and Men’s Rights (1875)]</ref><ref>[https://ernestbelfortbax.wordpress.com/2014/01/24/the-woman-question-1887/ Some Heterodox Notes on the Women Question (1887)]</ref>

During the 20th century, the chivalrous ideal of protecting women came to be seen as a trope of melodrama ("[[damsel in distress]]"). The term ''chivalry'' retains a certain currency in sociology, in reference to the general tendency of men, and of society in general, to lend more attention offering protection from harm to women than to men, or in noting [[Sex ratio|gender gaps]] in [[Life expectancy#Sex differences|life expectancy]], [[Gender disparities in health|health]], etc., also expressed in [[media bias]] giving significantly more attention to female than to male victims.{{refn|For example, criminologist [[Richard Felson]] writes "An attack on a woman is a more serious transgression than an attack on a man because it violates a special norm protecting women from harm. This norm—''chivalry''—discourages would-be attackers and encourages third parties to protect women."<ref>{{harvp|Felson|2002}}</ref>|group=Note}}

The promotion of chivalry played a part in the foundation of the [[Scouting]] movement. The [[Brownsea Island Scout camp]], formed in 1907, began as a boys' camping event on [[Brownsea Island]] in [[Poole Harbour]], southern England, organised by [[British Army]] [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell]] to test his ideas for the book ''[[Scouting for Boys]]''. Boy scouts from different social backgrounds in the U.K. participated from 1 to 8 August 1907 in activities around [[camping]], [[observation]], [[woodcraft]], chivalry, [[lifesaving]], and [[patriotism]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Brownsea:B-P's Acorn, The World's First Scout Camp |last=Walker |first=Colin |publisher=Write Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905546-21-3}}</ref>

According to [[William Manchester]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was a chivalric warrior who fought a war with the intention to conquer the enemy, eliminating their ability to strike back, then treated them with the understanding and kindness due their honour and courage. One prominent model of his chivalrous conduct was in World War II and his treatment of the Japanese at the end of the war. MacArthur's model provides a way to win a war with as few casualties as possible and how to get the respect of the former enemy after the occupation of their homeland.<ref>{{harvp|Manchester|1978}}</ref> On May 12, 1962, MacArthur gave a famous speech in front of the cadets of United States Military Academy at [[West Point]] by referring to a great moral code, the code of conduct and chivalry, when emphasizing duty, honour, and country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/douglasmacarthurthayeraward.html|title=American Rhetoric: General Douglas MacArthur -- Sylvanus Thayer Award Address (Duty, Honor, Country)|work=americanrhetoric.com|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212125821/https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/douglasmacarthurthayeraward.html|url-status=live}}</ref>