Editing China (section)

=== Reforms and contemporary history ===
{{Main|History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)|History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)|History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)}}
[[File:Události na náměstí Tian an men, Čína 1989, foto Jiří Tondl.jpg|thumb|The [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] was ended by a military-led massacre.]]

After Mao's death, the [[Gang of Four]] were arrested by [[Hua Guofeng]] and held responsible for the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution was rebuked, with millions rehabilitated. [[Deng Xiaoping]] took power in 1978, and instituted large-scale [[Boluan Fanzheng|political]] and [[Reform and Opening Up|economic reforms]], together with the "[[Eight Elders]]", most senior and influential members of the party. The government loosened its control and the [[People's commune|communes]] were gradually disbanded.<ref name="Hamrin-1995">{{Cite book |last1=Hamrin |first1=Carol Lee |title=Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders |last2=Zhao |first2=Suisheng |date=15 January 1995 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-3694-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MySp8yumuJ4C&q=boluan+fanzheng&pg=PA32 32]}}</ref> [[Collective farming|Agricultural collectivization]] was dismantled and farmlands privatized. While foreign trade became a major focus, [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zones]] (SEZs) were created. Inefficient [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]] (SOEs) were restructured and some closed. This marked China's transition away from planned economy.<ref name="Ref_e">{{Cite book |last1=Hart-Landsberg |first1=Martin |title=China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle |last2=Burkett |first2=Paul |date=March 2005 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |isbn=978-1-5836-7123-8}} ({{cite journal |title=Review |journal=[[Monthly Review]] |date=28 February 2001 |url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm |access-date=30 October 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105220123/http://monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm |url-status=live}})</ref> China adopted its current [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|constitution]] on 4 December 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1982) |url=https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/prc_constitution.pdf |publisher=[[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]]}}</ref>

In 1989, there were protests such [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|those in Tiananmen Square]], and then throughout the entire nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Harry |date=December 1990 |title=The Impact of Tiananmen on China's Foreign Policy |url=http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404193656/http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=73 |archive-date=4 April 2014 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]}}</ref> [[Jiang Zemin]] was elevated to become the CCP general secretary, becoming the paramount leader. Jiang continued economic reforms, closing many SOEs and trimming down "[[iron rice bowl]]" (life-tenure positions).<ref name="APs-2022">{{Cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403160544/https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=30 November 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1997 |title=China Gets Down to Business at Party Congress |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018190108/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=Ezra |author-link=Ezra Vogel |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |date=2011 |publisher=Belknap Press |isbn=978-0-6747-2586-7 |page=682}}</ref> China's economy grew sevenfold during this time.<ref name="APs-2022" /> [[British Hong Kong]] and [[Portuguese Macau]] returned to China in [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997]] and [[Handover of Macau|1999]], respectively, as [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] under the principle of [[one country, two systems]]. The country joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001.<ref name="APs-2022" />[[File:One-belt-one-road.svg|thumb|[[Belt and Road Initiative]] and related projects]]At the [[16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|16th CCP National Congress]] in 2002, [[Hu Jintao]] succeeded Jiang as the general secretary.<ref name="APs-2022" /> Under Hu, China maintained its high rate of economic growth, overtaking the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan to become the world's second-largest economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Orlik |first=Tom |date=16 November 2012 |title=Charting China's Economy: A Decade Under Hu Jintao |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221121820/http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> However, the growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Shan |last2=Cox |first2=Amanda |last3=Burgess |first3=Joe |last4=Aigner |first4=Erin |date=26 August 2007 |title=China's Environmental Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116170904/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=16 May 2012 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Griffiths |first=Daniel |date=16 April 2004 |title=China worried over pace of growth |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4913622.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118160813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4913622.stm |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=16 April 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and caused major social displacement.<ref name="Ref_k">[https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3166 ''China: Migrants, Students, Taiwan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227094542/https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3166 |date=27 December 2016}} [[UC Davis]] Migration News January 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cody |first=Edward |date=28 January 2006 |title=In Face of Rural Unrest, China Rolls Out Reforms |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065549/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=18 January 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Xi Jinping]] succeeded Hu as paramount leader at the [[18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|18th CCP National Congress]] in 2012. Shortly after his ascension to power, Xi launched [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|a vast anti-corruption crackdown]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2018 |title=China's anti-corruption campaign expands with new agency |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924060145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> that prosecuted more than 2 million officials by 2022.<ref name="Marquis-2022b">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Marquis |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=15 November 2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-3002-6883-6 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |s2cid=253067190}}</ref> During [[China under Xi Jinping|his tenure]], Xi has consolidated power unseen since the initiation of economic and political reforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wingfield-Hayes |first=Rupert |date=23 October 2022 |title=Xi Jinping's party is just getting started |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317004249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=23 October 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>