Editing Challenger Deep (section)

===1998, 1999 and 2002 – RV ''Kairei''===
Cruise KR98-01 sent JAMSTEC's two-year-old 4,517-ton Deep Sea Research Vessel RV ''Kairei'' south for a quick but thorough depth survey of the Challenger Deep, 11–13 January 1998, under chief scientist Kantaro Fujioka. Tracking largely along the trench axis of 070–250° they made five 80-km bathymetric survey tracks, spaced about 15 km apart, overlapping their SeaBeam 2112-004 (which now allowed sub-bottom profiling penetrating as much as 75 m below the bottom) while gaining gravity and magnetic data covering the entire Challenger Deep: western, central, and eastern basins.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.328883171084,142.59120750425,11;| title = search parameters "Kairei", "KR98-01")| access-date = 23 November 2019| archive-date = 28 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210228060012/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.328883171084,142.59120750425,11;| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Okino, K. et.al., [https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/171/data/cruise-reports/2001/html/4ins/95.htm Subbottom profiler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930170237/https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/171/data/cruise-reports/2001/html/4ins/95.htm |date=30 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2001GL013595 | doi=10.1029/2001GL013595 | title=Morphology and origin of the Challenger Deep in the Southern Mariana Trench | year=2002 | last1=Fujioka | first1=Kantaro | last2=Okino | first2=Kyoko | last3=Kanamatsu | first3=Toshiya | last4=Ohara | first4=Yasuhiko | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | volume=29 | issue=10 | page=1372 | bibcode=2002GeoRL..29.1372F | s2cid=129148518 | access-date=15 December 2019 | archive-date=15 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215145658/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2001GL013595 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:JAMSTEC Deep Sea Research Ship Kairei P7214312.jpg|thumb|The Deep Sea Research Vessel RV ''Kairei'' was also used as the support ship for the ROV ''Kaikō''.]]

''Kairei'' returned in May 1998, cruise KR98-05, with [[Kaikō ROV|ROV ''Kaikō'']], under the direction of chief scientist Jun Hashimoto with both geophysical and biological goals. Their bathymetric survey from 14–26 May was the most intensive and thorough depth and seismic survey of the Challenger Deep performed to date. Each evening, ''Kaikō'' deployed for about four hours of bottom time for biological-related sampling, plus about seven hours of vertical transit time. When ''Kaikō'' was onboard for servicing, ''Kairei'' conducted bathymetric surveys and observations. ''Kairei'' gridded a survey area about 130&nbsp;km N–S by 110&nbsp;km E–W.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.328883171084,142.59120750425,11| title = – search parameters: "Kairei", "KR98-05"| access-date = 23 November 2019| archive-date = 28 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210228060012/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.328883171084,142.59120750425,11| url-status = live}}</ref> ''Kaikō'' made six dives (#71–75) all to the same location, (11°20.8' N, 142°12.35' E), near the {{convert|10900|m|ft}} bottom contour line in the western basin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/dive/kaiko/71/e |title=KAIKO Dive 71 Dive Data |website=DARWIN |publisher=JAMSTEC |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202508/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/dive/kaiko/71/e |url-status=live }}</ref>

The regional bathymetric map made from the data obtained in 1998 shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are {{convert|10922|±|74|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|10898|±|62|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|10908|±|36|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, respectively, making the eastern depression the deepest of the three.<ref name="Bathymetric mapping of the world's deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep"/>

In 1999, ''Kairei'' revisited the Challenger Deep during cruise KR99-06. The results of the 1998–1999 surveys include the first recognition that the Challenger Deep consists of three "right-stepping en echelon individual basins bounded by the {{convert|10500|m|ft}} depth contour line. The size of [each of] the deeps are almost identical, 14–20 km long, 4&nbsp;km wide". They concluded with the proposal "that these three individual elongated deeps constitute the 'Challenger Deep', and [we] identify them as the East, Central and West Deep. The deepest depth we obtained during the swath mapping is {{convert|10938|m|ft}} in the West Deep (11°20.34' N, 142°13.20 E)."<ref>Fujioka, K. et.al., "Morphology and origin of the Challenger Deep in the Southern Marian Trench", ''Geophysical Research Letters'', Vol. 29, no. 10, 1372, 2002, pp. 10–12</ref> The depth was "obtained during swath mapping&nbsp;... confirmed in both N–S and E-W swaths." Speed of sound corrections were from XBT to {{convert|1800|m|ft}}, and CTD below {{convert|1800|m|ft}}.

The cross track survey of the 1999 ''Kairei'' cruise shows that the greatest depths in the eastern, central, and western depressions are {{convert|10920|±|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|10894|±|14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|10907|±|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, respectively, which supports the results of the previous survey.<ref name="Bathymetric mapping of the world's deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep"/>

In 2002 ''Kairei'' revisited the Challenger Deep 16–25 October 2002, as cruise KR02-13 (a cooperative Japan-US-South Korea research program) with chief scientist Jun Hashimoto in charge; again with Kazuyoshi Hirata managing the ROV ''Kaikō'' team. On this survey, the size of each of the three basins was refined to 6–10&nbsp;km long by about 2&nbsp;km wide and in excess of {{convert|10850|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} deep. In marked contrast to the ''Kairei'' surveys of 1998 and 1999, the detailed survey in 2002 determined that the deepest point in the Challenger Deep is located in the eastern basin around {{Coord|11|22.260|N|142|35.589|E}}, with a depth of {{convert|10920|±|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, located about {{convert|290|m|abbr=on}} southeast of the deepest site determined by the survey vessel ''Takuyo'' in 1984. The 2002 surveys of both the western and eastern basins were tight, with especially meticulous cross-gridding of the eastern basin with ten parallel tracks N–S and E–W less than 250 meters apart. On the morning of 17 October, ROV ''Kaikō'' dive #272 began and recovered over 33 hours later, with the ROV working at the bottom of the western basin for 26 hours (vicinity of 11°20.148' N, 142°11.774 E at {{convert|10893|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}). Five ''Kaikō'' dives followed on a daily basis into the same area to service benthic landers and other scientific equipment, with dive #277 recovered on 25 October. Traps brought up large numbers of amphipods (sea fleas), and cameras recorded holothurians ([[sea cucumber]]s), White [[polychaete]]s (bristle worms), tube worms, and other biological species.<ref>[http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.332868380845,142.23056034137,14 DR02-13, Kaikō/Kairei Cruise in the Challenger Deep Onboard Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228060012/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/mapsearch/e#11.332868380845,142.23056034137,14 |date=28 February 2021 }}, input criteria "Kairei" and "KR02-13"</ref> During its 1998, 1999 surveys, ''Kairei'' was equipped with a GPS satellite-based [[Radionavigation-satellite service|radionavigation]] system. The United States government lifted the GPS selective availability in 2000, so during its 2002 survey, ''Kairei'' had access to non-degraded GPS positional services and achieved single-digit meter accuracy in geodetic positioning.<ref name="Bathymetric mapping of the world's deepest seafloor, Challenger Deep"/>