Editing Bristol (section)

=== Climate ===
The climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb)'', milder than most places in England and United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol climate and weather |url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/England/Bristol/Climate |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=www.wordtravels.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bristol, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=62730&cityname=Bristol,+England,+United+Kingdom |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> Located in southern England, Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK with a mean annual temperature of approximately {{cvt|10.5|C|F}}.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=Average annual temperature |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801122236/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=12 May 2007 |publisher=Meteorological Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South West England: climate |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/sw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225164404/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/location/southwestengland/index.html |archive-date=25 February 2006 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Metereological Office}}</ref> It is among the sunniest, with 1,541–1,885{{nbsp}}hours of sunshine per year.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=Average annual sunshine |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728193119/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=12 May 2007 |publisher=Meteorological Office}}</ref> Although the city is partially sheltered by the Mendip Hills, it is exposed to the Severn Estuary and the [[Bristol Channel]]. Rain is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with autumn and winter the wetter seasons. The Atlantic Ocean influences Bristol's weather, keeping its average temperature above freezing throughout the year, but winter frosts are frequent and snow occasionally falls from early November to late April. Summers are warm and drier, with variable sunshine, rain and clouds, and spring weather is unsettled.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2000 |title=Average annual rainfall |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719222449/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=12 May 2007 |publisher=Meteorological Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 7&nbsp;— Climate of South West England |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/n/MetLIB_13_013_FactSheet_7_Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004028/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/n/MetLIB_13_013_FactSheet_7_Final.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Meteorological Office}}</ref>

The weather stations nearest Bristol for which long-term climate data are available are Long Ashton (about {{cvt|5|mi|0}} south west of the city centre) and Bristol Weather Station, in the city centre. Data collection at these locations ended in 2002 and 2001, respectively, and following the closure of Filton Airfield, Almondsbury is the nearest weather station to the city.<ref name="MO stations 2024">{{cite web |title=Synoptic and climate stations |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-synoptic-and-climate-stations |website=Met Office |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> Temperatures at Long Ashton from 1959 to 2002 ranged from {{cvt|33.5|C|F}} in July 1976<ref>{{Cite web |title=1976 temperature |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=13&year=1976&indexid=TXx&stationid=1638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083806/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=13&year=1976&indexid=TXx&stationid=1638 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute}}</ref> to {{cvt|-14.4|C|F}} in January 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 temperature |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083918/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1638 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute}}</ref> Monthly high temperatures since 2002 at Filton exceeding those recorded at Long Ashton include {{cvt|25.7|C|F}} in April 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filton April temperature |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/04-2003/36280.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828023137/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/04-2003/36280.htm |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=TuTiempo}}</ref> {{cvt|34.5|C|F}} in July 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filton July temperature |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/07-2006/36280.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828024839/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/07-2006/36280.htm |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=TuTiempo}}</ref> and {{cvt|26.8|C|F}} in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filton Oct temperature |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/10-2011/36280.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828023318/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/10-2011/36280.htm |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=TuTiempo}}</ref> The lowest recent temperature at Filton was {{cvt|-10.1|C|F}} in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filton December temperature |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/12-2010/36280.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828030827/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/FILTON/12-2010/36280.htm |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=TuTiempo}}</ref> Although large cities in general experience an [[urban heat island]] effect, with warmer temperatures than their surrounding rural areas, this phenomenon is minimal in Bristol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Karen |date=2006 |title=The impact of urban areas on climate in the UK: a spatial and temporal analysis, with an emphasis on temperature and precipitation effects |journal=Earth and Environment |volume=2 |pages=54–83}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = [[Filton]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{cvt|5|mi|0|abbr=out}} from the Bristol city centre.}} elevation: {{cvt|48|m|ft|0}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present{{efn|From 1958 to 2002, extremes were recorded at Long Ashton. Since 2002, extremes were recorded at Filton.}}
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 14.2
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 21.7
| Apr record high C = 25.7
| May record high C = 27.4
| Jun record high C = 32.5
| Jul record high C = 34.5
| Aug record high C = 33.3
| Sep record high C = 28.3
| Oct record high C = 26.8
| Nov record high C = 17.5
| Dec record high C = 15.8
| Jan high C = 8.1
| Feb high C = 8.5
| Mar high C = 10.8
| Apr high C = 13.8
| May high C = 17.0
| Jun high C = 19.8
| Jul high C = 21.7
| Aug high C = 21.3
| Sep high C = 18.8
| Oct high C = 14.8
| Nov high C = 11.0
| Dec high C = 8.4
| year high C = 14.5
| Jan mean C = 5.3
| Feb mean C = 5.5
| Mar mean C = 7.3
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 12.7
| Jun mean C = 15.6
| Jul mean C = 17.6
| Aug mean C = 17.2
| Sep mean C = 14.9
| Oct mean C = 11.6
| Nov mean C = 8.0
| Dec mean C = 5.6
| year mean C = 10.9
| Jan low C = 2.4
| Feb low C = 2.4
| Mar low C = 3.7
| Apr low C = 5.5
| May low C = 8.4
| Jun low C = 11.4
| Jul low C = 13.4
| Aug low C = 13.2
| Sep low C = 11.0
| Oct low C = 8.3
| Nov low C = 5.1
| Dec low C = 2.8
| year low C = 7.3
| Jan record low C = -14.4
| Feb record low C = -9.7
| Mar record low C = -8.3
| Apr record low C = -4.7
| May record low C = -2.0
| Jun record low C = 0.6
| Jul record low C = 4.7
| Aug record low C = 3.9
| Sep record low C = 0.6
| Oct record low C = -3.2
| Nov record low C = -6.5
| Dec record low C = -11.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 82.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 57.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 53.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 47.9
| May precipitation mm = 57.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 56.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 58.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 64.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 85.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 90.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 89.9
| year precipitation mm = 819.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 13.1
| Feb precipitation days = 10.4
| Mar precipitation days = 10.4
| Apr precipitation days = 9.9
| May precipitation days = 10.3
| Jun precipitation days = 9.7
| Jul precipitation days = 9.8
| Aug precipitation days = 11.0
| Sep precipitation days = 10.4
| Oct precipitation days = 12.8
| Nov precipitation days = 14.6
| Dec precipitation days = 13.5
| year precipitation days = 135.8
| Jan sun = 61.2
| Feb sun = 78.0
| Mar sun = 122.6
| Apr sun = 174.1
| May sun = 206.7
| Jun sun = 219.2
| Jul sun = 220.5
| Aug sun = 189.6
| Sep sun = 153.4
| Oct sun = 107.8
| Nov sun = 68.4
| Dec sun = 56.9
| year sun = 1658.3
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcnjj7h5w |title=Filton 1991–2020 averages |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |title=Indices Data – Long Ashton Station 1638 |access-date =5 February 2019 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date =9 July 2018 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |url-status =dead}}</ref>
}}
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