Editing Brasília (section)

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of Brazil}}
[[File:Brasília_-_Museu_e_Biblioteca_nacional.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cultural Complex of the Republic]] is formed by the National Library of Brasília and the National Museum of the Republic buildings]]

As a venue for political events, music performances and movie festivals, Brasília is a cosmopolitan city, with around 124 [[embassies]], a wide range of restaurants and a complete infrastructure ready to host any kind of event. Not surprisingly, the city stands out as an important business/tourism destination, which is an important part of the local economy, with dozens of hotels spread around the federal capital. Traditional parties take place throughout the year.

In June, large festivals known as "[[festa junina|festas juninas]]" are held celebrating [[List of Catholic saints|Catholic saints]] such as [[Saint Anthony of Padua]], [[Saint John the Baptist]], and [[Saint Peter]]. On 7 September, the traditional [[Brazilian Independence Day|Independence Day]] parade is held on the Ministries Esplanade. Throughout the year, local, national, and international events are held throughout the city. [[Christmas]] is widely celebrated, and [[New Year's Eve]] usually hosts major events celebrated in the city.<ref>[http://nichecreator.com/Brasilia Brasília] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507063453/http://nichecreator.com/Brasilia |date=7 May 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

The city also hosts a varied assortment of art works from artists like [[Bruno Giorgi]], Alfredo Ceschiatti, [[Athos Bulcão]], Marianne Peretti, [[Alfredo Volpi]], [[Emiliano Di Cavalcanti|Di Cavalcanti]], Dyllan Taxman, [[Victor Brecheret]] and [[Burle Marx]], whose works have been integrated into the city's architecture, making it a unique landscape. The cuisine in the city is very diverse. Many of the best restaurants in the city can be found in the Asa Sul district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelbite.co.uk/destinations/city-guide/guides/what-do/what-do-in-brasilia-$447179.htm |title=Culture in Brasília |publisher=Travelbite.co.uk |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220141939/http://www.travelbite.co.uk/destinations/city-guide/guides/what-do/what-do-in-brasilia-%24447179.htm |archive-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

The city is the birthplace of Brazilian rock and place of origin of bands like: [[Legião Urbana]], [[Capital Inicial]], [[Aborto Elétrico]], [[Plebe Rude]] and [[Raimundos]]. Brasília has the Rock Basement Festival which brings new bands to the national scene. The festival is held in the parking of the [[Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha|Brasília National Stadium Mané Garrincha]].
[[File:Teatro_Nacional_Cláudio_Santoro_-_Brasilia_-_DSC00320.JPG|thumb|[[Cláudio Santoro National Theater]]]]

Since 1965, the annual Brasília Festival of Brazilian Cinema is one of the most traditional cinema festivals in Brazil, being compared only to the Brazilian Cinema Festival of Gramado, in Rio Grande do Sul. The difference between both is that the festival in Brasília still preserves the tradition to only submit and reward Brazilian movies.

The International Dance Seminar in Brasília has brought top-notch dance to the Federal Capital since 1991. International teachers, shows with choreographers and guest groups and scholarships abroad are some of the hallmarks of the event. The Seminar is the central axis of the DANCE BRAZIL program and is promoted by the DF State Department of Culture in partnership with the Cultural Association Claudio Santoro.<ref> http://www.seminario.dancebrasil.art.br/] {{Webarchive|url= http://web.archive.org/web/20230201150355/http://subdomain.dancebrasil.art.br/|date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>

Brasília has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, ''The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy'', by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalyptical story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint [[John Bosco|Don Bosco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm |title=Dom Bosco – Brasília |publisher=Infobrasilia.com.br |date=21 April 1965 |access-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412115640/http://www.infobrasilia.com.br/bsb_h1p.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> According to Don Bosco's prophecy:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ginasant/3383018251/ |title=Dom Bosco – Brasília |publisher=Flickr.com |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824041650/http://www.flickr.com/photos/ginasant/3383018251/ |archive-date=24 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> "Between parallels [[15th parallel south|15]] and [[20th parallel south|20]], around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land". Brasília lies between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake ([[Lake Paranoá|Paranoá Lake]]) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasília's [[patron saint]].

''[[American Flagg!]]'', the [[First Comics]] comic book series created by [[Howard Chaykin]], portrays Brasília as a cosmopolitan world capital of culture and exotic romance. In the series, it is a top vacation and party destination. The 2015 [[Rede Globo]] series ''[[Felizes para Sempre?]]'' was set in Brasília.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/revista-da-tv/maria-fernanda-candido-enrique-diaz-gravam-com-fernando-meirelles-nova-serie-da-globo-em-brasilia-14750029|title=Maria Fernanda Cândido e Enrique Diaz gravam com Fernando Meirelles nova série da Globo, em Brasilia|author=Natália Castro|date=8 December 2014|publisher=Revista da TV|work=[[O Globo]]|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222005104/http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/revista-da-tv/maria-fernanda-candido-enrique-diaz-gravam-com-fernando-meirelles-nova-serie-da-globo-em-brasilia-14750029|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture and urbanism ===
[[File:BrasiliaBanNacional.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Brazilian Flag]] and the National Congress in spring]]

At the Square of Three Powers, Brazilian architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and Brazilian structural engineer [[Joaquim Cardozo]] made buildings in the style of modern Brazilian architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.homestratosphere.com/oscar-niemeyer-design/ |title=Oscar Niemeyer |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808172617/https://www.homestratosphere.com/oscar-niemeyer-design/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress also occupies various other surrounding buildings, some connected by tunnels.

The National Congress building is located in the middle of the [[Monumental Axis|Eixo Monumental]], the city's main avenue. In front lies a large lawn and reflecting pool. The building faces the [[Praça dos Três Poderes]] where the [[Palácio do Planalto]] and the [[Supreme Federal Court]] are located. The Brazilian landscape architect [[Roberto Burle Marx]] designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings. In residential areas, buildings were built that were inspired in French modernist and bauhaus design.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11688-review-of-roberto-burle-marx-brazilian-modernist |title=Roberto Burle Marx - Brazilian Modernist |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528175343/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11688-review-of-roberto-burle-marx-brazilian-modernist |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although not fully accomplished, the "Brasília utopia" has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the ''{{lang|pt|superquadras}}'') surrounded by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafés; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit.<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77841/Brasilia|title=Brasília - Britannica|date=21 September 2023|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160852/https://www.britannica.com/place/Brasilia|url-status=live}}</ref> Even these positive features have sparked controversy, expressed in the nickname "ilha da fantasia" ("fantasy island"), indicating the sharp contrast between the city and surrounding regions, marked by poverty and disorganization in the cities of the states of [[Goiás]] and [[Minas Gerais]], around Brasília.<ref name="global.britannica.com"/>

Critics of Brasilia's grand scale have characterized it as a modernist bauhaus platonic fantasy about the future:
[[File:Brasilia aerea eixo monumental.jpg|thumb|The [[Monumental Axis]]]]
[[File:Vista_aérea_da_Asa_Sul_em_direção_ao_Lago_Sul.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of South Wing (''Asa Sul'') district]]
[[File:Brasilia_aerea_torredetv1304_4713.jpg|thumb|[[Monumental Axis]] and [[Brasília TV Tower]]]]

{{Blockquote|Nothing dates faster than people's fantasies about the future. This is what you get when perfectly decent, intelligent, and talented men start thinking in terms of space rather than place; and single rather than multiple meanings. It's what you get when you design for political aspirations rather than real human needs. You get miles of jerry-built platonic nowhere infested with [[Volkswagen]]s. This, one may fervently hope, is the last experiment of its kind. The utopian buck stops here.|author=[[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]]|title=''[[The Shock of the New]]''|source=Episode 4: "Trouble in Utopia", (1980)}}

====Notable structures====
The [[Cathedral of Brasília]] in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the atheist architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and the structural engineer [[Joaquim Cardozo]]. This concrete-framed [[hyperboloid structure]], seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens.

The cathedral's structure was finished on 31 May 1970, and only the {{convert|70|m|2|abbr=on}} diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer's and Cardozo's project of Cathedral of Brasília is based in the [[hyperboloid]] of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. There is controversy as to what these columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent, some say they are two hands moving upwards to heaven, others associate it to the chalice Jesus used in the last supper and some claim it represent his crown of thorns. The cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.

At the end of the ''[[Monumental Axis|Eixo Monumental]]'' ("Monumental Axis") lies the ''Esplanada dos Ministérios'' ("Ministries Esplanade"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/esplanada-ministerios.php|title=Esplanada dos Ministérios - map - Brasilia|website=aboutbrasilia.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305055530/http://www.aboutbrasilia.com/maps/esplanada-ministerios.php|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> an open area in downtown Brasília. The rectangular lawn is surrounded by two eight-lane avenues where many government buildings, monuments and memorials are located. On Sundays and holidays, the Eixo Monumental is closed to cars so that locals may use it as a place to walk, bike, and have picnics under the trees.

''[[Praça dos Três Poderes]]'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for ''Square of the Three Powers'') is a plaza in Brasília. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the [[Palácio do Planalto]] (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] (Congresso Nacional); and the Judiciary branch, represented by the [[Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)|Supreme Federal Court]] (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Brasília, designed by [[Lúcio Costa]] and [[Oscar Niemeyer]] as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.

[[File:Fotos produzidas pelo Senado (36736219051).jpg|left|thumb|[[Praça dos Três Poderes]] (Three Powers Plaza)]]
[[File:Homologação do tombamento de obras do Niemeyer (34321040524).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Palácio da Alvorada]]]]

The [[Palácio da Alvorada]] is the official residence of the [[president of Brazil]]. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Brasília, by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the "Alvorada" lies on a peninsula at the shore of [[Lake Paranoá]].
[[File:Meteoro - Palácio Itamaraty.jpg|left|thumb|Itamaraty Palace facade]]
The principles of simplicity and modernity that in the past characterized the great works of architecture motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landing on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m<sup>2</sup> with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor.

The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.

The [[Palácio do Planalto]] is the official workplace of the [[president of Brazil]]. It is located at the [[Praça dos Três Poderes]] in Brasília. As the [[Politics of Brazil|seat of government]], the term "Planalto" is often used as a [[metonym]] for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Palácio do Planalto.

The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the [[Palácio da Alvorada]]. Besides the President, senior advisors also have offices in the "Planalto", including the [[Vice-President of Brazil]] and the [[Chief of Staff of Brazil|Chief of Staff]]. The other Ministries are along the [[Monumental Axis|Esplanada dos Ministérios]]. The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was [[Oscar Niemeyer]], creator of most of the important buildings in Brasília. The idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high, and has an area of 36,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>. Four other adjacent buildings are also part of the complex.