Editing Botanical garden (section)

=== 19th century ===

{{further|Acclimatization}}

[[File:Serre cactees JdP.jpg|thumb|right|[[Greenhouse|Hothouse]], [[Jardin des Plantes]], built 1834–1836 by [[Charles Rohault de Fleury]]. Example of French glass and metal architecture.]]
[[File:Talcott Greenhouse VI.JPG|thumb|Talcott Greenhouse at [[Mount Holyoke College Botanic Garden]]]]

The late 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by the establishment of tropical botanical gardens as a tool of [[colonialism|colonial expansion]] (for trade and commerce and, secondarily, science) mainly by the British and Dutch, in [[British India|India]], [[South-east Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name=h9>{{Harvnb|Heywood|1987|p=9}}</ref> This was also the time of Sir [[Joseph Banks]]'s botanical collections during Captain [[James Cook]]'s [[circumnavigation]]s of the planet and his explorations of [[Oceania]], with plant introductions on a grand scale.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gooley |first=Tristan |author-link=Tristan Gooley |title=The Natural Explorer |publisher=Sceptre |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-444-72031-0 |location=London |page=2}}</ref>

==== Tropical ====

There are currently about 230 tropical botanical gardens, many of them in southern and south-eastern Asia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heywood|1987|p=13}}</ref> The first botanical garden founded in the tropics was the [[Pamplemousses Botanical Garden]] in [[Mauritius]], established in 1735 to provide food for ships using the port, but later trialling and distributing many plants of economic importance. This was followed by the [[West Indies]] ([[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Botanic Gardens]], 1764) and in 1786 by the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanical Garden]] in [[Calcutta]], India founded during a period of prosperity when the city was a trading centre for the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Heywood|1987|p=8}}</ref> Other gardens were constructed in [[Brazil]] ([[Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]], 1808), [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya|Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya]], 1821 and on a site dating back to 1371), [[Indonesia]] ([[Bogor Botanical Gardens]], 1817 and [[Kebun Raya Cibodas]], 1852), and [[Singapore]] ([[Singapore Botanical Gardens]], 1822). These had a profound effect on the economy of the countries, especially in relation to the foods and medicines introduced. The importation of [[Para rubber tree|rubber trees]] to the Singapore Botanic Garden initiated the important rubber industry of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. At this time also, [[teak]] and [[tea]] were introduced to India and [[breadfruit]], [[Piper (genus)|pepper]] and [[carambola|starfruit]] to the Caribbean.<ref name=bhist>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgci.org/resources/history |title=The History of Botanic Gardens |work=BGCI.org |publisher=BGCI |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126072238/http://www.bgci.org/resources/history/ |archive-date=26 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Singapore Botanic Gardens, Eco-lake, panorama, Sep 06.jpg|thumb|upright=3.65|center|{{center|[[Singapore Botanic Gardens]], established in 1822. Eco-lake at the [[Bukit Timah]].}}]]

Included in the charter of these gardens was the investigation of the local [[flora]] for its economic potential to both the colonists and the local people. Many crop plants were introduced by or through these gardens{{spaced ndash}}often in association with European botanical gardens such as Kew or Amsterdam{{spaced ndash}}and included [[cloves]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], breadfruit, [[cinchona]], [[sugar]], [[cotton]], [[palm oil]] and ''[[Theobroma cacao]]'' (for chocolate).<ref name=h9 /> During these times, the rubber plant was introduced to Singapore.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|pp=212–213}}</ref> Especially in the tropics, the larger gardens were frequently associated with a herbarium and museum of economy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|p=213}}</ref> The Botanical Garden of Peradeniya had considerable influence on the development of agriculture in [[Ceylon]] where the [[Para rubber tree]] ({{lang|la|Hevea brasiliensis}}) was introduced from Kew, which had itself imported the plant from [[South America]].<ref name=h9 /> Other examples include cotton from the Chelsea Physic Garden to the [[Province of Georgia]] in 1732 and tea into India by Calcutta Botanic Garden.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hill|1915|p=222}}</ref> The transfer of [[germplasm]] between the temperate and tropical botanical gardens was undoubtedly responsible for the range of agricultural crops currently used in several regions of the tropics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heywood|1987|p=10}}</ref>

==== Temperate ====

[[File:Castle Rock from Kirstenbosch.jpg|thumb|Part of [[Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]], with native [[protea]] flowers in the foreground, and Castle Rock in the background]]

The first botanical gardens in [[Australia]] were founded early in the 19th century. The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney]], 1816; the [[Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens]], 1818; the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne]], 1845; [[Adelaide Botanic Gardens]], 1854; and [[City Botanic Gardens|Brisbane Botanic Gardens]], 1855. These were established essentially as [[Colonial Revival garden|colonial gardens]] of economic botany and acclimatisation.<ref>Looker in {{Harvnb|Aitken|Looker|2002|p=98}}</ref>

South Africa has 10 national-level botanical gardens, all overseen by the [[South African National Biodiversity Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National botanical gardens include Kirstenbosch, Harold Porter, Walter Sisulu, Pretoria, Lowveld, Free State and KwaZulu-Natal; local botanical gardens include Johannesburg and Durban |url=https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/south-africa-s-botanical-gardens |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.southafrica.net}}</ref> The oldest in South Africa is the 1851 [[Durban Botanic Gardens]]. The [[Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]] is the most famous and developed garden in the country, established in 1913, on a site dating to 1848. It covers 36 [[hectare]]s, with an additional 528 hectares of mountainside wilderness forming part of the garden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Cape Town |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/kirstenbosch-national-botanical-gardens-cape-town |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> [[Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden]] is South Africa's oldest university botanical garden;<ref>{{cite web |title=Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden |url=http://www.sun.ac.za/english/entities/botanical-garden/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=Stellenbosch University |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> it was established in 1922. Also in the country is the [[Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden]], founded in 1921 and relocated in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karoo Desert: History |url=https://www.sanbi.org/gardens/karoo-desert/history/ |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> Elsewhere in Africa, [[Orman Garden]] at [[Giza]] in [[Egypt]] was founded in 1875.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orman Botanic Garden |url=https://gardensearch.bgci.org/garden/606 |publisher=Botanic Gardens Conservation International |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Palm greenhouse (exterior).JPG|thumb|The [[palm house]] of the [[Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden]], founded in 1714 ]]

Presidents [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], all experienced farmers, shared the dream of a national botanic garden, leading to the founding in 1820 of the [[United States Botanic Garden]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usbg.gov/brief-history-us-botanic-garden |title=Brief History of the U.S. Botanic Garden |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=usbg.gov |publisher=United States Botanic Garden |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> next to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]]. In 1859, the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] was founded at [[St Louis, Missouri]]; it is one of the world's leading gardens specializing in tropical plants.<ref name=h3/> 

[[Russia]]'s botanical gardens include [[:ru:Аптекарский огород|Moscow University Botanic Garden ('the Apothecary Garden'), (1706)]] founded by Tsar [[Peter the Great]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Aptekarsky Ogorod |url=https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/aptekarsky_ogorod |website=Gardenvisit.com |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> and the [[Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden]], (1714).{{sfn|Desmond|1994|p=284}}