Editing Bohdan Khmelnytsky (section)

===Jewish history===
{{Main|Khmelnytsky uprising|Yeven Mezulah}}
{{History of Ukraine}}
The assessment of Khmelnytsky in [[Jewish history]] is overwhelmingly negative because he used Jews as scapegoats and sought to eradicate Jews from Ukraine. The [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] led to the deaths of an estimated 18,000–100,000 Jews. These estimates include deaths from starvation and disease.<ref name="Stampfer">{{cite journal|last=Stampfer|first=Shaul|author-link=Shaul Stampfer|title=What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?|journal=Jewish History|publisher=Springer Nature|volume=17|issue=2|date=May 2003|issn=0334-701X|doi=10.1023/a:1022330717763|pages=207–227|s2cid=159092052}}</ref><ref>Sources estimating 100,000 Jews killed:
*"Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed." [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/religion/judaism/timeline.html Judaism Timeline 1618–1770], ''[[CBS News]]''. Accessed 13 May 2007.
*"The peasants of Ukraine rose up in 1648 under a petty aristocrat Bogdan Chmielnicki. ... It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed". Oscar Reiss. ''The Jews in Colonial America'', McFarland & Company, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7864-1730-7}}, pp. 98–99.
*"Moreover, Poles must have been keenly aware of the massacre of Jews in 1768 and even more so as the result of the much more widespread massacres (approximately 100,000 dead) of the earlier Chmielnicki pogroms during the preceding century." Manus I. Midlarsky. ''The Killing Trap: genocide in the twentieth century'', Cambridge University Press, 2005,{{ISBN|0-521-81545-2}}, p. 352.
*"... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's Cossack soldiers on the rampage." [[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past'', Columbia University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-231-10965-2}}, p. 219.
*"A series of massacres perpetrated by the Ukrainian Cossacks under the leadership of Bogdan Chmielnicki saw the death of up to 100,000 Jews and the destruction of perhaps 700 communities between 1648 and 1654 ..." Samuel Totten. ''Teaching About Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources'', Information Age Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|1-59311-074-X}}, p. 25.
*"In response to Poland having taken control of much of the Ukraine in the early seventeenth century, Ukrainian peasants mobilized as groups of cavalry, and these "cossacks" in the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648 killed an estimated 100,000 Jews." Cara Camcastle. ''The More Moderate Side of Joseph De Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy'', McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7735-2976-4}}, p. 26
*"Is there not a difference in nature between Hitler's extermination of three million Polish Jews between 1939 and 1945 because he wanted every Jew dead and the mass murder [in] 1648–49 of 100,000 Polish Jews by General Bogdan Chmielnicki because he wanted to end Polish rule in the Ukraine and was prepared to use Cossack terrorism to kill Jews in the process?" Colin Martin Tatz. ''With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide'', Verso, 2003, {{ISBN|1-85984-550-9}}, p. 146.
*"... massacring an estimated one hundred thousand Jews as the Ukrainian Bogdan Chmielnicki had done nearly three centuries earlier." Mosheh Weiss. ''A Brief History of the Jewish People'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7425-4402-8}}, p. 193.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chanes|first=Jerome A.|title=Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju7U83nRDt8C&pg=PA56|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-209-7|page=56}}</ref> Atrocity stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to pieces or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. The pogroms contributed to a revival of the ideas of [[Isaac Luria]], who revered the [[Kabbalah]], and the identification of [[Sabbatai Zevi]] as the Messiah.<ref>Karen Armstrong, [[The Battle for God]]: ''A History of Fundamentalism'', Random House, 2001, p25-28.</ref> [[Orest Subtelny]] writes:
<blockquote>Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history.<ref name="Ukraine 1988, pp. 127-128">[[Orest Subtelny]], ''[[Ukraine: A History]]'', 1988, pp. 127–128.</ref></blockquote>