Editing Bladder (section)

=== Reptiles ===
In all reptiles, the urinogenital ducts and the [[rectum]] both empty into the organ called the [[cloaca]]. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca opens into a urinary bladder. The urinary bladder exists in all species of turtle and tortoise and most species of lizard. [[Monitor lizard]]s, the [[legless lizard]]s, snakes, alligators, and crocodiles do not have urinary bladders.<ref name="ABC" />{{rp|p. 474}}

Many turtles, tortoises, and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. [[Charles Darwin]] noted that the bladder of the [[Galapagos tortoise]] could store urine weighing up to 20% of the tortoise's body weight.<ref name="Bentley2013" /> Such adaptations are the result of environments, such as remote islands and deserts, where fresh water is very scarce.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Jean|date=January 11, 2006|title=Reptile Basics: Clinical Anatomy 101|url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/600.pdf?LA=1|journal=Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference|volume=20|pages=1657–1660}}</ref> Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders, which can hold long-term reserves of water for several months and aid in [[osmoregulation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Jon R.|last2=DeNardo|first2=Dale F.|date=2007-04-15|title=The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=210|issue=8|pages=1472–1480|doi=10.1242/jeb.003061|issn=0022-0949|pmid=17401130|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007JExpB.210.1472D }}</ref>

Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, beside the neck of the urinary bladder and above the pubis, occupying much of the body cavity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wyneken|first1=Jeanette|last2=Witherington|first2=Dawn|date=February 2015|title=Urogenital System|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/wyneken/16.pdf?LA|journal=Anatomy of Sea Turtles|volume=1|pages=153–165}}</ref> Turtles' bladder is also usually divided into two lobes: the right lobe is under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in the lobe; the left lobe is likelier than the right to have [[Bladder stone (animal)|calculi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reptile Medicine and Surgery|last1=Divers|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Mader|first2=Douglas R.|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2005|isbn=9781416064770|location=Amsterdam|pages=481, 597}}</ref>