Editing Bedouin (section)

==={{anchor|Israel}} Israel===
{{see also|Israeli Bedouin}}
[[File:Bedouin squatter compound.png|thumb|Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Bedouin Scouts On The Track (11).jpg|thumb|Bedouin soldiers in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]]]

Prior to the 1948 [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]], an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the [[Negev]] desert. According to ''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'', 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Khalidi |editor-first=Walid |year=1992 |title=All That Remains. The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 |publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]] |location=Washington, DC |isbn=0-88728-224-5 |page=582}}</ref> Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<ref name="Bedouin Demographics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel |title=The Bedouin in Israel: Demography |website=[[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date=1 July 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026125647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel |archive-date=26 October 2007}}</ref> All of the Bedouins residing in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moch.gov.il/SiteCollectionDocuments/odot/doch_goldberg/Doch_Vaada_Shofet_Goldberg.pdf |title=Report of the Commission to Propose a Policy for Arranging Bedouin Settlement in the Negev (a.k.a. the Goldberg Report) |website=[[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Ministry of Construction]] |pages=6–13 |language=he |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204154143/http://www.moch.gov.il/SiteCollectionDocuments/odot/doch_goldberg/Doch_Vaada_Shofet_Goldberg.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2020, there are 210,000 Bedouins in Israel: 150,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in [[Galilee]] and the [[Jezreel Valley]], and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<ref name="jvl2020">{{Cite web |title=The Bedouin in Israel |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-bedouin-in-israel |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

[[Galilee Bedouins]] have been living in the northern part of Israel for four centuries. Today, they live in 28 settlements in the north. They also live in mixed villages with other non-Bedouin Arabs.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zevulun |first=D. |date=2008 |title=Home Is Where The Hatred Is? Sense of belonging and exclusion of Galilee Bedouins with regard to the Jewish state, Israeli-Jewish and Israeli-Arab citizens. |url=https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/1736 |type=Master Thesis |language=en}}</ref>

The Bedouin who remained in the Negev belonged to the [[Tiyaha bedouin|Tiaha]] confederation<ref>{{cite book |last=Lustick |first=Ian |title=Arabs in the Jewish State |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1980 |location= Austin, TX |pages=57, 134–6 |author-link=Ian Lustick}}</ref> as well as some smaller groups such as the [['Azazme]] and the [[Jahalin Bedouin|Jahalin]]. After 1948, some [[Negev Bedouins]] were displaced. The [[Jahalin Bedouin|Jahalin]] tribe, for instance, lived in the [[Tel Arad]] region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes that, according to [[Emanuel Marx]], "moved or were removed by the military government".<ref>{{cite book |title=Bedouin Society in the Negev |last=Marx |first=Emanuel |year=1974 |publisher=Rashafim |location=Tel Aviv |page=17 |language=he}}</ref> They ended up in the so-called [[E1 (Jerusalem)|E1]] area East of [[Jerusalem]].
[[File:"Bedouin Wedding Procession" in the Jerusalem section of the Pike at the 1904 World's Fair.jpg|thumb|Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the [[1904 World's Fair]].]]
About 1,600 Bedouin serve as volunteers in the [[Israel Defense Forces]], many as trackers in the IDF's elite tracking units.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/profiles/2013/04/24/Bedouin-army-trackers-scale-Israel-social-ladder-.html |title=Muslim Arab Bedouins serve as Jewish state's gatekeepers |date=24 April 2013 |website=[[Al Arabiya English]]}}</ref>

Famously, Bedouin shepherds were the first to discover the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the [[Judean]] [[Qumran|caves of Qumran]] in 1946. Of great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were found over the following decade, many of which were discovered by Bedouins. Successive Israeli administrations tried to demolish Bedouins villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal townships in the north-east of the Negev, with [[Tel as-Sabi]] or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, city of [[Rahat]], has a population of over 58,700 (as of December 2013);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton65/st02_24.pdf |website=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Population and Density per Sq. Km. In Localities Numbering 5,000 Residents and More on 31 XII 2013(1)}}</ref> as such it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another well-known township out of the seven of them that the Israeli government built, is [[Hura]]. According to the Israel Land Administration (2007), some 60 per cent of the Negev Bedouin live in [[Township|urban areas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf |title=Bedouin of the Negev |website=[[Israel Land Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135350/http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> The rest live in so-called [[Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel|unrecognized villages]], which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. Despite these communities often predating the state of Israel, many are considered to be located in areas deemed unsuitable by the Israeli government, including military fire zones, [[natural reserve]]s, [[landfill]]s, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/bedouin/#:~:text=Currently%20there%20are%20around%20200%2C000,to%20serve%20in%20the%20military. |title=Bedouin In Israel |website=[[Minority Rights Group]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917030735/https://minorityrights.org/communities/bedouin/ |archive-date= 17 September 2024 }}</ref>[[File:Badawit naqib.jpg|thumb|A [[Negev]] Bedouin man.]] On 29 September 2003, Israeli [[Cabinet of Israel|government]] adapted a new "Abu Basma Plan" (Resolution 881), according to which a new regional council was formed, unifying a number of unrecognized Bedouin settlements—[[Abu Basma Regional Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847418880&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer |title=Beduin in Limbo |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=24 December 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706010434/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847418880&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> This resolution also regarded the need to establish seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903 |title=Government resolutions passed in recent years regarding the Arab population of Israel |work=Abraham Fund Initiative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082421/http://www.abrahamfund.org/main/siteNew/index.php?page=115&action=sidLink&stId=903 |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> literally meaning the official recognition of unrecognized settlements, providing them with a municipal status and consequently with all the basic services and infrastructure. The council was established by the [[Israeli Ministry of Interior|Interior Ministry]] on 28 January 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc |title=The Bedouin Population in Transition: Site Visit to Abu Basma Regional Council |website=Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute |date=28 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928165539/http://brookdale-en1.pionet.com/files/word-documents/Abu_Basma_visit_highlights.doc |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> Israel is currently building or enlarging some 13 towns and cities in the Negev. According to the general planning, all of them will be fully equipped with the relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, postal offices, etc. and they also will have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to fight unemployment are planned, some are already being constructed, like [[Idan HaNegev]] in the suburbs of Rahat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bns-en.com/en-us/39/41 |title=A Lіѕt of Trаvеl Tips to Make Yоur Vacation Plаnnіng Easier |website=bns-en.com |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014161330/http://bns-en.com/en-us/39/41/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It will have a hospital and a new campus inside.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Itamar |last=Eichner |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4210642,00.html |title=Harvard University makes aliyah |website=[[Ynetnews]] |date=1 April 2012}}</ref> The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birth rate among the Bedouin {{Citation needed|reason=Needs citation and cause/effect assumption is patently racist.|date=January 2020}} of 5% per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bedouin in Israel |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-bedouin-in-israel |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year [[economic development]] plan called the [[Prawer Commission|''Prawer plan'']].<ref name="Prawer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Spokesman/Pages/spokenegev110911.aspx |title=Cabinet Approves Plan to Provide for the Status of Communities in, and the Economic Development of, the Bedouin Sector in the Negev |website=Prime Minister's Office |date=11 September 2012}}</ref> One of its implications is a relocation of some 30.000-40.000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-approved [[township]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/09/2011912151231223454.html |title=Bedouin transfer plan shows Israel's racism |website=Al Jazeera |date=13 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/03/bedouin-plight-traditions-threat-israel |title=Bedouin's plight: "We want to maintain our traditions. But it's a dream here" |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 November 2011}}</ref> In a 2012 resolution the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of the Prawer plan and respect for the rights of the Bedouin people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/european-parliament-condemns-israel-s-policy-toward-bedouin-population-1.449687 |title=European Parliament condemns Israel's policy toward Bedouin population |first=Jack |last=Khoury |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=8 July 2013 |quote=The European Parliament Calls for the protection of the Bedouin communities of the West Bank and in the Negev, and for Israeli authorities to respect their rights and condemns any violations (e.g., house demolitions, forced displacements, and public service limitations). It calls also, in this context, for the withdrawal of the Prawer Plan by the Israeli Government.}}</ref> In September 2014, [[Yair Shamir]], who heads the Israeli government's ministerial committee on Bedouin resettlement arrangements, stated that the government was examining ways to lower the birthrate of the Bedouin community in order to improve its standard of living. Shamir claimed that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.618119 |title=Minister: Israel Looking at Ways to Lower Bedouin Birthrate |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/to-raise-bedouin-living-standards-minister-tackles-birth-rate/ |title=To up Bedouin living standards, minister tackles birth rate |newspaper=The Times of Israel |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

In May 2015, the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] and the [[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees]] have combined forces. Both organizations called on Israel to stop its plans to relocate Bedouin communities currently living in the [[West Bank]] to land outside of [[Jerusalem]] for better access to infrastructure, health, and education. Officials stated that a "forcible transfer" of over 7000 Bedouin people would "destroy their culture and livelihoods."<ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. agencies urge israel to halt palestinian bedouin relocation plans|last=EFE News Service|date=20 May 2015|id={{ProQuest|1681936677}}}}</ref>